Table 1 Effects of socio-demographic factors, health behavior, chronic disease, and muscle mass on physical performance
| Â | Grip strength | Â | Gait speed | Â | TUG test performance | Â | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Normal | Low | Â | Normal | Low | Â | Normal | Low | Â |
Variables | n (%) | n (%) | p-value | n (%) | n (%) | p-value | n (%) | n (%) | p-value |
Socio-demographic variables | |||||||||
Age (years) | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
65-69 | 602 (30.54) | 61 (14.91) | Â | 611 (31.58) | 51 (11.78) | Â | 553 (35.96) | 34 (8.92) | Â |
70-74 | 609 (30.90) | 80 (19.56) | Â | 599 (30.96) | 89 (20.55) | Â | 467 (30.36) | 81 (21.26) | Â |
75-79 | 435 (22.07) | 100 (24.45) | Â | 427 (22.07) | 106 (24.48) | Â | 301 (19.57) | 100 (26.25) | Â |
≥80 | 325 (16.49) | 168 (41.08) |  | 298 (15.40) | 187 (43.19) |  | 217 (14.11) | 166 (43.57) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | 0.579 | Â | Â | 0.959 |
Woman | 964 (48.91) | 236 (57.70) | Â | 968 (50.03) | 223 (51.50) | Â | 793 (51.56) | 197 (51.71) | Â |
Man | 1007 (51.09) | 173 (42.30) | Â | 967 (49.97) | 210 (48.50) | Â | 745 (48.44) | 184 (48.29) | Â |
Education years | Â | Â | 0.003 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
≤6 | 998 (51.23) | 241 (59.21) |  | 969 (50.55) | 263 (61.74) |  | 619 (40.62) | 213 (57.10) |  |
>6 | 950 (48.77) | 166 (40.79) | Â | 948 (49.45) | 163 (38.26) | Â | 905 (59.38) | 160 (42.90) | Â |
Marital status | Â | Â | 0.927 | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â | Â | 0.7480 |
Married | 1718 (96.35) | 282 (96.25) | Â | 1634 (96.97) | 359 (93.73) | Â | 1250 (95.64) | 299 (95.22) | Â |
Unmarried | 65 (3.65) | 11 (3.75) | Â | 51 (3.03) | 24 (6.27) | Â | 57 (4.36) | 15 (4.78) | Â |
BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | 0.737 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
<18.5 | 66 (3.35) | 15 (3.67) | Â | 57 (2.95) | 24 (5.54) | Â | 42 (2.73) | 17 (4.46) | Â |
18.5-24 | 828 (42.01) | 162 (39.61) | Â | 832 (43.00) | 155 (35.80) | Â | 665 (43.24) | 141 (37.01) | Â |
24-27 | 633 (32.12) | 131 (32.03) | Â | 630 (32.56) | 126 (29.10) | Â | 506 (32.90) | 105 (27.56) | Â |
≥27 | 444 (22.53) | 101 (24.69) |  | 416 (21.50) | 128 (29.56) |  | 325 (21.13) | 118 (30.97) |  |
Health behavior | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Smoking | Â | Â | 0.150 | Â | Â | 0.641 | Â | Â | 0.723 |
No | 1820 (92.34) | 386 (94.38) | Â | 1793 (92.66) | 404 (93.30) | Â | 1429 (92.91) | 352 (92.39) | Â |
Yes | 151 (7.66) | 23 (5.62) | Â | 142 (7.34) | 29 (6.70) | Â | 109 (7.09) | 29 (7.61) | Â |
Alcohol drink | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | 0.010 | Â | Â | 0.016 |
No | 1610 (81.68) | 361 (88.26) | Â | 1583 (81.81) | 377 (87.07) | Â | 1224 (79.58) | 324 (85.04) | Â |
Yes | 361 (18.32) | 48 (11.74) | Â | 352 (18.19) | 56 (12.93) | Â | 314 (20.42) | 57 (14.96) | Â |
Physical activity a | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
Low | 560 (29.61) | 190 (48.10) | Â | 541 (29.01) | 195 (47.68) | Â | 404 (27.54) | 186 (51.24) | Â |
Normal | 627 (33.16) | 127 (32.15) | Â | 621 (33.30) | 135 (33.01) | Â | 504 (34.36) | 106 (29.20) | Â |
High | 704 (37.23) | 78 (19.75) | Â | 703 (37.69) | 79 (19.32) | Â | 559 (38.10) | 71 (19.56) | Â |
Chronic disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Diabetes | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
No | 1590 (80.67) | 287 (70.17) | Â | 1563 (80.78) | 310 (71.59) | Â | 1232 (80.10) | 266 (69.82) | Â |
Yes | 381 (19.33) | 122 (29.83) | Â | 372 (19.22) | 123 (28.41) | Â | 306 (19.90) | 115 (30.18) | Â |
Hypertension | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
No | 910 (46.17) | 125 (30.56) | Â | 886 (45.79) | 147 (33.95) | Â | 693 (45.06) | 110 (28.87) | Â |
Yes | 1061 (53.83) | 284 (69.44) | Â | 1049 (54.21) | 286 (66.05) | Â | 845 (54.94) | 271 (71.13) | Â |
Heart disease | Â | Â | 0.260 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
No | 1604 (81.38) | 323 (78.97) | Â | 1599 (82.64) | 318 (73.44) | Â | 1246 (81.01) | 275 (72.18) | Â |
Yes | 367 (18.62) | 86 (21.03) | Â | 336 (17.36) | 115 (26.56) | Â | 292 (18.99) | 106 (27.82) | Â |
COPD | Â | Â | 0.225 | Â | Â | 0.706 | Â | Â | 0.294 |
No | 1916 (97.21) | 393 (96.09) | Â | 1879 (97.11) | 419 (96.77) | Â | 1490 (96.88) | 365 (95.80) | Â |
Yes | 55 (2.79) | 16 (3.91) | Â | 56 (2.89) | 14 (3.23) | Â | 48 (3.12) | 16 (4.20) | Â |
CKD | Â | Â | 0.010 | Â | Â | 0.519 | Â | Â | 0.729 |
No | 1836 (93.15) | 366 (89.49) | Â | 1788 (92.40) | 404 (93.30) | Â | 1421 (92.39) | 350 (91.86) | Â |
Yes | 135 (6.85) | 43 (10.51) | Â | 147 (7.60) | 29 (6.70) | Â | 117 (7.61) | 31 (8.14) | Â |
Arthritis | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
No | 1528 (77.52) | 259 (63.33) | Â | 1484 (76.69) | 295 (68.13) | Â | 1166 (75.81) | 251 (65.88) | Â |
Yes | 443 (22.48) | 150 (36.67) | Â | 451 (23.31) | 138 (31.87) | Â | 372 (24.19) | 130 (34.12) | Â |
Osteoporosis | Â | Â | 0.212 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | 0.001 |
No | 1618 (82.09) | 325 (79.46) | Â | 1611 (83.26) | 321 (74.13) | Â | 1264 (82.18) | 283 (74.28) | Â |
Yes | 353 (17.91) | 84 (20.54) | Â | 324 (16.74) | 112 (25.87) | Â | 274 (17.82) | 98 (25.72) | Â |
Muscle mass | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low ASMI | Â | Â | 0.009 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | 0.005 |
No | 1601 (81.23) | 309 (75.55) | Â | 1588 (82.07) | 311 (71.82) | Â | 1207 (78.48) | 273 (71.65) | Â |
Yes | 370 (18.77) | 100 (24.45) | Â | 347 (17.93) | 122 (28.18) | Â | 331 (21.52) | 108 (28.35) | Â |