Gender-specific associations of vision and hearing impairments with adverse health outcomes in older Japanese: a population-based cohort study

Table 3 Associations of vision and hearing impairments with adverse health outcomes (dependence in ADLs or death) through three potential intermediate factors by gender.

	Model 2 ^a RR (95% CI)	Model 2 + Instrumental activities of daily living ^b RR (95% CI)	P-value	Model 2 + depressive mode ^c RR (95%) CI)	P-value	Model 2 + cognitive function ^d RR (95% CI)	P-value
Men
Vision impairment
No	1.00	1.00		1.00		1.00
Impaired	1.43 (0.63 3.26)	0.73 (0.24 2.21)	.578	1.20 (0.53 2.71)	.657	1.12 (0.50 2.52)	.784
Hearing impairment
No	1.00	1.00		1.00		1.00
Impaired	3.10 (1.43 6.72)	2.39 (1.04 5.52)	.041	2.72 (1.27 5.83)	.010	3.02 (1.37 6.62)	.006
Women
Vision impairment
No	1.00	1.00		1.00		1.00
Impaired	1.60 (0.97 2.63)	1.56 (0.91 2.65)	.103	1.55 (0.89 2.68)	.119	1.60 (0.97 2.63)	.065
Hearing impairment
No	1.00	1.00		1.00		1.00
Impaired	0.71 (0.38 1.31)	0.75 (0.40 1.39)	.359	0.71 (0.37 1.34)	.290	0.70 (0.38 1.29)	.249

RR: risk ratio, CI: confidence interval. ^aVariables included in the model 2 were vision and hearing impairments, age (continuous), education, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, past/current history of major illness and diabetes mellitus.^bTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (score 0-13). ^cGeriatric Depression Scale, 5-item version (score 0-5). ^dClock drawing test (score 0-4).

ISSN: 1471-2318