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Table 1 Baseline characteristics (2005-2006) of the subjects according to gender and sensory impairments.

From: Gender-specific associations of vision and hearing impairments with adverse health outcomes in older Japanese: a population-based cohort study

 

Men

Women

 

Vision impairment

Hearing impairment

Vision impairment

Hearing impairment

 

No

Impaired

No

Impaired

No

Impaired

No

Impaired

Variables

(n = 275)

(n = 60)

(n = 271)

(n = 64)

(n = 301)

(n = 160)

(n = 345)

(n = 116)

 

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Age (65-69 years)

68 (24.7)

6 (10.0)

71 (26.2)

3 (4.7)

80 (26.6)

20 (12.5)

91 (26.4)

9 (7.8)

(70-79 years)

152 (55.3)

32 (53.3)

152 (56.1)

32 (50.0)

163 (54.2)

80 (50.0)

190 (55.1)

53 (45.7)

(80- years)

55 (20.0)

22 (36.7)*

48 (17.7)

29 (45.3)*

58 (19.2)

60 (37.5)*

64 (18.5)

54 (46.5)*

Education (high school or higher)

78 (29.7)

8 (14.6)*

71 (27.8)

15 (24.2)

75 (25.5)

20 (12.7)*

76 (22.7)

19 (16.4)

Marital status (married)

221 (84.7)

46 (83.6)

216 (85.0)

51 (82.3)

179 (61.5)

83 (52.9)

204 (61.3)

58 (50.4)*

Current smoker (yes)

69 (26.1)

17 (30.4)

69 (26.9)

17 (27.0)

10 (3.4)

5 (3.1)

11 (3.3)

4 (3.5)

Current alcohol drinker (yes)

149 (56.9)

34 (60.7)

149 (58.4)

34 (54.0)

46 (15.8)

14 (8.9)*

48 (14.3)

12 (10.5)

Occupational noise exposure (yes)

97 (35.3)

23 (38.3)

90 (33.2)

30 (46.9)*

52 (17.3)

21 (13.1)

54 (15.7)

19 (16.4)

Body mass index (< 18.5 kg/m2)

15 (5.5)

5 (8.3)

18 (6.6)

2 (3.1)

28 (9.3)

14 (8.8)

36 (10.4)

6 (5.2)

(≥ 25.0 kg/m2)

77 (28.0)

8 (13.3)

72 (26.6)

13 (20.3)

83 (27.6)

35 (21.9)

84 (24.4)

34 (29.3)

Total cholesterol (≥ 5.7 mmol/L)

45 (16.4)

12 (20.3)

48 (17.7)

9 (14.3)

125 (41.5)

59 (36.9)

141 (40.9)

43 (37.1)

Albumin (≤ 3.8 g/dl)

22 (8.0)

2 (3.4)

20 (7.4)

4 (6.3)

12 (4.0)

7 (4.4)

11 (3.2)

8 (6.9)

C-reactive protein (> 0.3 mg/dl)

33 (12.0)

8 (13.6)

33 (12.2)

8 (12.7)

23 (7.6)

13 (8.1)

21 (6.1)

15 (12.9)*

Past/current history of major illness (yes) a

57 (22.1)

14 (25.9)

54 (21.4)

17 (28.3)

40 (13.8)

30 (19.1)

46 (13.8)

24 (21.2)

Past/current history of hypertension (yes) b

169 (63.5)

33 (60.0)

168 (64.6)

34 (55.7)

197 (66.6)

116 (73.0)

225 (66.2)

88 (76.5)*

Past/current history of diabetes mellitus (yes) c

58 (22.3)

14 (24.6)

59 (23.1)

13 (21.3)

46 (15.9)

32 (20.3)

53 (15.8)

25 (22.1)

Past/current history of knee joint pain (yes)

85 (31.0)

28 (46.7)*

81 (29.9)

32 (50.8)*

129 (42.9)

71 (44.4)

145 (42.0)

55 (47.4)

History of cataract surgery (yes)

41 (14.9)

8 (13.3)

37 (13.7)

12 (18.8)

46 (15.3)

23 (14.4)

41 (11.9)

28 (24.1)*

Hearing aid usage (yes)

15 (5.5)

7 (11.7)

3 (1.1)

19 (29.7)*

8 (2.7)

6 (3.8)

2 (0.6)

12 (10.3)*

Instrumental activities of daily living (declined) d

22 (8.4)

14 (25.5)*

27 (10.6)

9 (14.5)

21 (7.3)

39 (24.7)*

37 (11.2)

23 (19.8)*

Depressive mode (depressed) e

61 (22.5)

17 (28.3)

54 (20.2)

24 (38.1)*

75 (25.3)

75 (46.9)*

101 (29.6)

49 (42.6)*

Cognitive function (impaired) f

9 (3.3)

12 (20.0)*

14 (5.2)

7 (10.9)

5 (1.7)

16 (10.1)*

12 (3.5)

9 (7.8)

  1. * P < .05 by the chi-square test. aPast/current history of major illness contained stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer and Parkinson disease. bPast/current history of hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive agents. c Past/current history of diabetus mellitus was defined as self-reported and/or hemoglobin A 1c ≥5.8%. dDecline in instrumental activities of daily living defined as scoring ≤10 in the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. eDepressed defined as scoring ≥2 in the Geriatric Depression Scale, 5-item version. fCognitive impairment defined as scoring ≤2 in the clock drawing test.
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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