Table 1 Characteristics of Study Participants NHANES 1999-2002 (N = 1168)

Continuous variables, Mean (SE)

   Age (year)

61.8 (0.4)

62.4 (0.3)

0.202

   Body mass index (kg/m2)

27.9 (0.3)

27.7 (0.3)

0.752

   Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

101.0 (0.5)

97.4 (0.5)

<0.001

   Serum insulin (μU/mL)

11.72 (0.4)

10.52 (0.2)

0.001

   Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)

2.96 (0.1)

2.59 (0.1)

<0.001

   Peak leg strength (Newton)

439 (6.2)

299 (4.3)

<0.001

   Habitual gait speed (m/sec)

1.090 (0.013)

1.083 (0.011)

0.620

Categorical variables, N (weighted %)

   Race

0.427

Mexican American

104 (3.2)

114 (3.0)

Other Hispanic

22 (3.5)

28 (5.2)

Non-Hispanic White

367 (85.9)

372 (83.5)

Non-Hispanic Black

62 (4.8)

77 (5.8)

All others

11 (2.6)

11 (2.5)

   Hypertension

294 (47.1)

387 (58.9)

0.001

   Heart diseases

73 (12.4)

50 (7.5)

0.017

   Chronic lung disease

30 (4.4)

58 (11.4)

0.001

   Arthritis

184 (32.5)

278 (46.7)

<0.001

   Smoking status

0.001

Nonsmoker

429 (73.3)

514 (84.2)

Light smoker

22 (3.3)

14 (2.3)

Moderate smoker

39 (7.3)

35 (6.5)

Heavy smoker

76 (16.1)

39 (7.0)

   Had > 12 alcohol drinks/year

464 (82.3)

314 (60.5)

<0.001