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Table 4 Cognitive function in the US and England, 2002

From: Cognitive health among older adults in the United States and in England

Variable

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Country (England = Ref)

1.43* (1.3 – 1.6)

1.46* (1.3 – 1.6)

1.30* (1.1 – 1.4)

1.35* (1.2 – 1.5)

Age

    

   65 – 74

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

   75 – 84

 

-1.70* (-1.9 – -1.5)

-1.63* (-1.8 – -1.4)

-1.55* (-1.8 – -1.4)

   ≥ 85

 

-3.85* (-4.2 – -3.5)

-3.61* (-3.9 – -3.3)

-3.52* (-3.8 – -3.2)

Female gender

 

1.07* (.9 – 1.3)

1.37* (1.2 – 1.5)

1.32* (1.1 – 1.5)

Education

    

   Low

  

Ref.

Ref.

   Middle

  

.96* (.7 – 1.2)

.94* (.7 – 1.1)

   High

  

1.48* (1.2 – 1.7)

1.45* (1.2 – 1.7)

Net Worth (2002 $s)

    

   ≤ 80,000

  

Ref.

Ref.

   80,001 – 262,000

  

.98* (.7 – 1.2)

.91* (.6 – 1.2)

   > 262,000

  

1.38* (1.1 – 1.6)

1.26* (1.0 – 1.5)

Cardiovascular Risks

    

   Stroke

   

-1.0* (-1.4 – -.6)

   Diabetes

   

-.39* (-.6 – -.1)

   Hypertension

   

-.04 (-.2 – .1)

   Heart disease

   

-.19 (-.4 – .1)

Variable

Model 5

Model 6

Model 7

Model 8

Country (England = Ref)

1.33* (1.2 – 1.5)

1.16* (1.0 – 1.3)

1.43* (1.3 – 1.6)

1.43* (1.3 – 1.6)

Age

    

   65 – 74

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

   75 – 84

-1.56* (-1.8 – -1.4)

-1.53* (-1.7 – -1.3)

-1.50* (-1.7 – -1.3)

-1.5* (-1.7 – -1.3)

   ≥ 85

-3.52* (-3.8 – -3.2)

-3.45* (-3.7 – -3.2)

-3.37* (-3.6 – -3.1)

-3.4* (-3.6 – -3.1)

Female gender

1.31* (1.1 – 1.5)

1.37* (1.2 – 1.6)

1.43* (1.2 – 1.6)

1.4* (1.2 – 1.6)

Education

    

   Low

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

   Middle

.94 (.7 – 1.2)

.89 (.7 – 1.1)

.82 (.60 – 1.0)

.79 (.6 – 1.0)

   High

1.45* (1.2 – 1.7)

1.39* (1.1 – 1.7)

1.31* (1.0 – 1.6)

1.3* (1.0 – 1.6)

Net Worth (2002 $s)

    

   ≤ 82,000

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

   82,001 – 262,000

.90 (.6 – 1.2)

.83 (.6 – 1.1)

.77 (.5 – 1.0)

.73 (.5 – 1.0)

   > 262,000

1.25* (1.0 – 1.5)

1.15 (.9 – 1.4)

1.04 (.8 – 1.3)

1.0 (.8 – 1.3)

Cardiovascular Risks

    

   Stroke

-.99* (-1.4 – -.6)

-.96* (-1.3 – -.6)

-.91* (-1.3 – -.6)

-.89* (-1.2 – -.6)

   Diabetes

-.12 (-.6 – .4)

-.11 (-.6 – .4)

-.07 (-.5 – .4)

-.01 (-.46 – .43)

   Hypertension

-.55* (-.9 – -.2)

-.46* (-.8 – -.1)

-.46* (-.8 – -.1)

-.49* (-.84 – -.15)

   Heart disease

-.19 (-.4 – .1)

-.13 (-.4 – .12)

-.10 (-.3 – .1)

-.10 (-.33 – .13)

Hypertension Treatment

.56* (.2 – .9)

.50* (.1 – .8)

.50* (.1 – .8)

.52* (.2 – .9)

Diabetes Treatment

    

   No Treatment

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

   Only Oral Medication

-.29 (-.8 – .2)

-.28 (-.8 – .2)

-.25 (-.7 – .2)

-.25 (-.7 – .2)

   Insulin +/- Oral Med

-.57 (-1.3 – .1)

-.56 (-1.2 – .1)

-.49 (-1.2 – .2)

-.50 (-1.2 – .2)

CES-D symptoms

    

   0

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

   1–3

 

-.44* (-.6 – -.3)

-.41* (-.6 – -.2)

-.42* (-.6 – -.2)

   4–8

 

-.93* (-1.2 – -.7)

-.88* (-1.1 – -.6)

-.88* (-1.1 – -.6)

Alcohol

    

   0

  

Ref

Ref

   < 1

  

0.74* (.5 – 1.0)

0.75* (.5 – 1.0)

   >1 to 2

  

0.71* (.4 – 1.0)

0.72* (.4 – 1.0)

   >2

  

0.50* (.2 – .8)

0.51* (.2 – .8)

Smoking Status

    

   Never

   

Ref.

   Former

   

-.11 (-.3 – .1)

   Current

   

-.20 (-.5 – .1)

Other Chronic Conditions

    

   Lung disease

   

.06 (-.2 – .3)

   Cancer

   

.11 (.-1 – .3)

  1. * P <.05