From: Cognitive health among older adults in the United States and in England
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Country (England = Ref) | 1.43* (1.3 – 1.6) | 1.46* (1.3 – 1.6) | 1.30* (1.1 – 1.4) | 1.35* (1.2 – 1.5) |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   65 – 74 |  | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
   75 – 84 |  | -1.70* (-1.9 – -1.5) | -1.63* (-1.8 – -1.4) | -1.55* (-1.8 – -1.4) |
   ≥ 85 |  | -3.85* (-4.2 – -3.5) | -3.61* (-3.9 – -3.3) | -3.52* (-3.8 – -3.2) |
Female gender |  | 1.07* (.9 – 1.3) | 1.37* (1.2 – 1.5) | 1.32* (1.1 – 1.5) |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low |  |  | Ref. | Ref. |
   Middle |  |  | .96* (.7 – 1.2) | .94* (.7 – 1.1) |
   High |  |  | 1.48* (1.2 – 1.7) | 1.45* (1.2 – 1.7) |
Net Worth (2002 $s) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   ≤ 80,000 |  |  | Ref. | Ref. |
   80,001 – 262,000 |  |  | .98* (.7 – 1.2) | .91* (.6 – 1.2) |
   > 262,000 |  |  | 1.38* (1.1 – 1.6) | 1.26* (1.0 – 1.5) |
Cardiovascular Risks | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Stroke |  |  |  | -1.0* (-1.4 – -.6) |
   Diabetes |  |  |  | -.39* (-.6 – -.1) |
   Hypertension |  |  |  | -.04 (-.2 – .1) |
   Heart disease |  |  |  | -.19 (-.4 – .1) |
Variable | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 |
Country (England = Ref) | 1.33* (1.2 – 1.5) | 1.16* (1.0 – 1.3) | 1.43* (1.3 – 1.6) | 1.43* (1.3 – 1.6) |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   65 – 74 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
   75 – 84 | -1.56* (-1.8 – -1.4) | -1.53* (-1.7 – -1.3) | -1.50* (-1.7 – -1.3) | -1.5* (-1.7 – -1.3) |
   ≥ 85 | -3.52* (-3.8 – -3.2) | -3.45* (-3.7 – -3.2) | -3.37* (-3.6 – -3.1) | -3.4* (-3.6 – -3.1) |
Female gender | 1.31* (1.1 – 1.5) | 1.37* (1.2 – 1.6) | 1.43* (1.2 – 1.6) | 1.4* (1.2 – 1.6) |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
   Middle | .94 (.7 – 1.2) | .89 (.7 – 1.1) | .82 (.60 – 1.0) | .79 (.6 – 1.0) |
   High | 1.45* (1.2 – 1.7) | 1.39* (1.1 – 1.7) | 1.31* (1.0 – 1.6) | 1.3* (1.0 – 1.6) |
Net Worth (2002 $s) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   ≤ 82,000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
   82,001 – 262,000 | .90 (.6 – 1.2) | .83 (.6 – 1.1) | .77 (.5 – 1.0) | .73 (.5 – 1.0) |
   > 262,000 | 1.25* (1.0 – 1.5) | 1.15 (.9 – 1.4) | 1.04 (.8 – 1.3) | 1.0 (.8 – 1.3) |
Cardiovascular Risks | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Stroke | -.99* (-1.4 – -.6) | -.96* (-1.3 – -.6) | -.91* (-1.3 – -.6) | -.89* (-1.2 – -.6) |
   Diabetes | -.12 (-.6 – .4) | -.11 (-.6 – .4) | -.07 (-.5 – .4) | -.01 (-.46 – .43) |
   Hypertension | -.55* (-.9 – -.2) | -.46* (-.8 – -.1) | -.46* (-.8 – -.1) | -.49* (-.84 – -.15) |
   Heart disease | -.19 (-.4 – .1) | -.13 (-.4 – .12) | -.10 (-.3 – .1) | -.10 (-.33 – .13) |
Hypertension Treatment | .56* (.2 – .9) | .50* (.1 – .8) | .50* (.1 – .8) | .52* (.2 – .9) |
Diabetes Treatment | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No Treatment | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
   Only Oral Medication | -.29 (-.8 – .2) | -.28 (-.8 – .2) | -.25 (-.7 – .2) | -.25 (-.7 – .2) |
   Insulin +/- Oral Med | -.57 (-1.3 – .1) | -.56 (-1.2 – .1) | -.49 (-1.2 – .2) | -.50 (-1.2 – .2) |
CES-D symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   0 |  | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
   1–3 |  | -.44* (-.6 – -.3) | -.41* (-.6 – -.2) | -.42* (-.6 – -.2) |
   4–8 |  | -.93* (-1.2 – -.7) | -.88* (-1.1 – -.6) | -.88* (-1.1 – -.6) |
Alcohol | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   0 |  |  | Ref | Ref |
   < 1 |  |  | 0.74* (.5 – 1.0) | 0.75* (.5 – 1.0) |
   >1 to 2 |  |  | 0.71* (.4 – 1.0) | 0.72* (.4 – 1.0) |
   >2 |  |  | 0.50* (.2 – .8) | 0.51* (.2 – .8) |
Smoking Status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Never |  |  |  | Ref. |
   Former |  |  |  | -.11 (-.3 – .1) |
   Current |  |  |  | -.20 (-.5 – .1) |
Other Chronic Conditions | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Lung disease |  |  |  | .06 (-.2 – .3) |
   Cancer |  |  |  | .11 (.-1 – .3) |