From: Cognitive health among older adults in the United States and in England
Variable | US (N = 8,299) | England (N = 5,276) | P value* |
---|---|---|---|
Age | Â | Â | .07 |
   65 – 74 | 51.2 | 54.0 |  |
   75 – 84 | 38.4 | 35.9 |  |
   ≥ 85 | 10.4 | 10.2 |  |
   Mean ± SE | 75.0 ± .14 | 74.7 ± .12 | .06 |
Gender | Â | Â | <.001 |
   Male | 40.5 | 42.9 |  |
   Female | 59.5 | 57.1 |  |
Education** | Â | Â | <.001 |
   Low | 61.3 | 70.7 |  |
   Middle | 18.9 | 10.9 |  |
   High | 19.8 | 18.4 |  |
Net worth (2002 US Dollars) | Â | Â | .01 |
   ≤ $83,000 | 29.0 | 33.5 |  |
   $83,001 – $318,000 | 34.9 | 33.1 |  |
   > $318,000 | 36.1 | 33.4 |  |
   Mean ± SE | 357,700 ± 17,500 | 251,800 ± 6,400 | <.001 |
Chronic Conditions | Â | Â | Â |
   Stroke | 8.0 | 6.9 | .03 |
   Diabetes | 16.4 | 9.0 | <.001 |
   Heart disease | 30.9 | 28.6 | .01 |
   Hypertension | 56.6 | 44.8 | <.001 |
   Lung disease | 11.3 | 8.1 | <.001 |
   Cancer | 17.6 | 8.0 | <.001 |
# of ADLs†impaired |  |  | <.001 |
   0 | 77.9 | 71.9 |  |
   1 – 3 | 19.2 | 24.4 |  |
   4 – 6 | 2.9 | 3.7 |  |
Mean ± SE | .44 ± .02 | .55 ± .02 | <.001 |
   # of IADLs‡ impaired |  |  | <.001 |
   0 | 86.5 | 82.6 |  |
   1 – 3 | 12.4 | 16.3 |  |
   4 – 5 | 1.1 | 1.1 |  |
   Mean ± SE | .23 ± .01 | .28 ± .01 | .001 |
CES-D (Depressive symptoms) | Â | Â | <.001 |
   0 | 43.6 | 36.6 |  |
   1 – 3 | 41.8 | 45.9 |  |
   4 – 8 | 14.6 | 17.5 |  |
   Mean ± SE | 1.5 ± .04 | 1.7 ± .03 | <.001 |
Treatment with medications: | Â | Â | Â |
   Hypertension | (n = 4,664) | (n = 2,368) |  |
 | 90.5 | 84.9 | <.001 |
   Diabetes | (n = 1,389) | (n = 480) |  |
No diabetes treatment | 19.7 | 26.5 | .003 |
Only oral medication | 62.4 | 54.2 | Â |
Insulin +/- oral med | 17.9 | 19.3 | Â |
Alcohol intake (days/week) | Â | Â | <.001 |
   0 | 53.9 | 15.5 |  |
   < 1 | 15.2 | 33.5 |  |
   >1 to 2 | 13.7 | 24.3 |  |
   >2 | 17.2 | 26.6 |  |
Smoking Status | Â | Â | <.001 |
   Never | 42.8 | 35.2 |  |
   Former | 47.7 | 52.5 |  |
   Current | 9.5 | 12.3 |  |