Table 2 Cohort descriptors
General domain | Specific domain | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
Anthropometrics |  | Weight†, height, arm span, and waist and hip circumference |
Sensation | Vision | High- and low-contrast visual acuity§ |
|  |  | Edge contrast sensitivity (Melbourne Edge Test)§ |
|  |  | Depth perception§ |
|  | Vibration sense | 200 Hz vibration at the knee§ |
|  | Proprioception†| Joint position matching task, left and right knee angle§ |
| Â | Touch sensitivity | Monofilament test at the plantar heel [83] |
| Â | Vestibular | Vertical X-Writing Test (proxy measure) [84] |
Musculoskeletal | Isometric strength†| Ankle dorsiflexion§ |
|  |  | Knee extension § |
|  | Lower-limb power†| Repeated Step-Up (proxy measure) [79] |
|  | Flexibility†| Sit-and-reach test [78] |
Neuromotor | Coordination | Finger-to-nose touch test [85] |
|  | Simple reaction time†| Finger press§ |
|  |  | Foot pedal§ |
Cognitive | Cognitive function | Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (sMMSE) [63] |
| Â | Memory and recall | Supraspan forward digit recall with motor component [86] |
| Â | Visuospatial memory | Backward digit recall [87] |
Balance & mobility | Static balance†| Spontaneous postural sway, measured at pelvis; four conditions: eyes open or closed, standing on firm surface or foam§ |
|  | Dynamic balance†| Coordinated stability§ (volitional centre-of-mass movement around a designated course) |
|  |  | Maximal balance range§ (range of forward and backward lean) |
|  | Mobility†| Timed Up and Go [77] |
Health and lifestyle | General health | Medical Outcomes Study, Short form (MOS SF-36) [88] |
| Â | Falls history | Custom-designed questionnaire |
| Â | Exercise behaviour | Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) [89] |
| Â | Activities of daily living | Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [90] |
Psychometrics | Balance confidence†| Activity-specific Balance Confidence questionnaire (ABC) [62] |
|  | Trait anxiety | Endler Multi-dimensional Anxiety Scale – Trait (EMAS-T) [91] |
|  | State anxiety†‡ | Endler Multi-dimensional Anxiety Scale – State (EMAS-S) [91] |
| Â | Depression | Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) [92] |
| Â | Personality | Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFITM) [93] |
| Â | Fear of falling and activity restriction | Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE) [94] |