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Table 2 Assessment of risk of bias using the ‘Quality Assessment in Prognostic Studies’ (QUIPS) tool

From: Screening for frailty in primary care: a systematic review of the psychometric properties of the frailty index in community-dwelling older people

Study

Study participation

Study attrition

Prognostic factor measurement

Outcome measurement

Statistical analysis

Armstrong et al. [21]

Low

Low

Low

Moderate

Low

Cigolle et al. [20]

Low

N/A

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Drubbel et al. [22]

Low

Moderate

Moderate

Low

Low

Fang et al. [32]

Low

Moderate

Moderate

Low

Low

García-González et al. [33]

Low

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

Gu et al. [23]

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Hogan et al. [37]

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Kulminski et al. [24]

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Low

Low

Kulminski et al. [25]

Low

High

Low

Low

Low

Lucicesare et al. [26]

Low

Low

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Lucicesare et al. [27]

Low

N/Aa

Moderate

Low

Low

Mitnitski et al. [34]

Low

High

Moderate

Low

Low

Mitnitski et al. [6]

Low

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

Rockwood et al. [28]

Moderate

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

Searle et al. [19]

Low

High

Moderate

Low

Low

Shi et al. [35]

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Song et al. [29]

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Theou et al. [36]

Low

Moderate

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Woo et al. [30]

High

Moderate

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Woo et al. [31]

Low

High

Moderate

Low

Low

  1. Low = low risk of bias, Moderate = moderate risk of bias, High = high risk of bias. Level of risk of bias was determined by judgement of the prompting items belonging to each assessed domain. aAttrition was not assessed because only the cross-sectional component in which construct validity was examined was of interest.