Table 5 List of excluded reviews

[37]

Thuathail AN, Welford C. Pain assessment tools for older people with cognitive impairment. Nursing Standard. 2011; 26(6):39–46.

Narrative review. The review covers several tools, with very little information of each. Comparison is difficult as no summary table is provided.

[38]

Lord B. Paramedic assessment of pain in the cognitively impaired adult patient. BMC Emergency Medicine. 2009; 9:20.

Narrative review. No data on psychometric properties.

[39]

While C, Jocelyn A. Observational pain assessment scales for people with dementia: a review. British Journal of Community Nursing. 2009; 14(10):438, 9–42.

A review of reviews. No data on psychometric properties of the tools.

[40]

Rutledge DN, Donaldson NE, Pravikoff DS. Update. Pain assessment and documentation. Special populations of adults. Online Journal of Clinical Innovations. 2002; 5(2):1–49.

Broad review of pain in a variety of different patient groups - of which adults with cognitive impairment a subset. No data on psychometric properties of the tools to extract.

[41]

Rutledge DR, Donaldson NE. Pain assessment and documentation. Part II - special populations of adults. Online Journal of Clinical Innovations. 1998; 1(6):1–29.

No data on psychometric properties of the tools. Review updated in [40].

[42]

Andrade DCd, Faria JWVd, Caramelli P, Alvarenga L, Galhardoni R, Siqueira SRD, et al. The assessment and management of pain in the demented and non-demented elderly patient. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2011; 69(2B):387–94.

Narrative review, including physiology, assessment and management of pain. No data on psychometric properties of the tools.

[43]

Scherder E, Oosterman J, Swaab D, Herr K, Ooms M, Ribbe M, et al. Recent developments in pain in dementia. BMJ. 2005; 330(7489):461–4.

Narrative review, no data on psychometric properties of tools.

[44]

Lobbezoo F, Weijenberg RAF, Scherder EJA. Topical review: orofacial pain in dementia patients. A diagnostic challenge. Journal of Orofacial Pain. 2011; 25(1):6–14.

Narrative review. No data on psychometric properties of the tools. Focus: orofacial pain.

[45]

Herr K, Bursch H, Ersek M, Miller LL, Swafford K. Use of pain-behavioral assessment tools in the nursing home: expert consensus recommendations for practice. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2010; 36(3):18–29;

Expert reviewers were asked to rate each tool and provide a score; no data on psychometric properties of tools. The way in which the data are presented makes it unusable for our purposes.

[46]

McAuliffe L, Nay R, O’Donnell M, Fetherstonhaugh D. Pain assessment in older people with dementia: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009; 65(1):2–10.

A narrative review with no data on tools. Focus: barriers to successful pain assessment.

[47]

Miller LL, Talerico KA. Pain in older adults. Annual Review of Nursing Research. 2002; 20:63–88.

Narrative review. No data on psychometric properties of the tools.

[48]

Helfand M, Freeman M. Assessment and management of acute pain in adult medical inpatients: A systematic review. Pain Medicine. 2009; 10(7):1183–99.

Narrative review. No data on psychometric properties of the tools.

[49]

Stolee P, Hillier LM, Esbaugh J, Bol N, McKellar L, Gauthier N. Instruments for the assessment of pain in older persons with cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005;53(2):319–26.

30 tools reviewed comparatively in overview tables. Reliability and validity data reported but in a form unusable for our purposes.