Table 2 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with urinary incontinence
Characteristic | Never vs. Seldom/often incontinent | Never vs. often incontinent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | AdjustedaOR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | AdjustedaOR (95% CI) | |
Non-diabetes related factors | ||||
Demographics | ||||
Age | ||||
<75 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
75-80 | 1.79 (1.37-2.35) | 1.57 (1.17-2.11) | 1.38 (0.94-2.01) | 1.18 (0.73-1.89) |
80-85 | 2.61 (1.92-3.56) | 2.11 (1.51-2.95) | 2.84 (1.87-4.31) | 2.35 (1.44-3.84) |
>85 | 4.75 (3.36-6.71) | 3.13 (2.15-4.56) | 3.76 (2.38-5.93) | 2.29 (1.34-3.92) |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Asian | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
White | 1.59 (0.99-2.55) | 2.15 (1.28-3.59) | 1.67 (0.93-3.01) | 1.80 (0.93-3.48) |
African | 1.29 (0.73-2.28) | 2.12 (1.14-3.93) | 1.76 (0.90-3.44) | 2.43 (1.16-5.08) |
American/Other | ||||
Latino | 0.99 (0.64-1.53) | 1.08 (0.67-1.75) | 0.94 (0.51-1.70) | 0.91 (0.49-1.70) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Female | 1.55 (1.13-2.14) | 1.27 (0.91-1.78) | 1.38 (0.90-2.11) | 0.95 (0.61-1.49) |
Geriatric factors | ||||
Ambulation | ||||
Independent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00(Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Dependentb | 2.34 (1.98-2.76) | 1.48 (1.19-1.84) | 2.89 (2.31-3.61) | 1.92 (1.37-2.67) |
Transferring | ||||
Independent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Dependentb | 2.84 (2.35-3.44) | 2.02 (1.58-2.58) | 3.72 (2.92-4.75) | 2.78 (1.99-3.89) |
Cognitive Impairment | ||||
Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Present | 1.67 (1.40-1.99) | 1.41 (1.15-1.73) | 1.71 (1.37-2.13) | 1.85 (1.39-2.46) |
Other Medications | ||||
Loop or Thiazide Diuretic | ||||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.24 (0.93-1.65) | 0.81 (0.57-1.15) | 0.94 (0.66-1.36) | 0.64 (0.39-1.04) |
Other factors | ||||
Depressive Symptoms | ||||
Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Present | 0.91 (0.64-1.29) | 0.97 (0.67-1.41) | 0.78 (0.48-1.25) | 0.75 (0.45-1.23) |
Diabetes-related factors | ||||
Hemoglobin A1c Level | ||||
<7 | 1.05 (0.89-1.23) | 1.01 (0.84-1.22) | 0.86 (0.71-1.05) | 0.75 (0.57-1.00) |
7-7.9c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
8-8.9 | 0.76 (0.63-0.91) | 0.81 (0.65-1.01) | 0.86 (0.69-1.08) | 0.94 (0.69-1.29) |
≥9 | 0.69 (0.55-0.87) | 0.85 (0.65-1.11) | 0.85 (0.64-1.12) | 1.10 (0.74-1.63) |
Diabetes Medications | ||||
None | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Oral Medications | 1.66 (1.30-2.13) | 1.81 (1.33-2.45) | 1.50 (1.11-2.03) | 1.79 (1.17-2.75) |
Insulin | 2.30 (1.58-3.37) | 2.62 (1.67-4.13) | 2.33 (1.53-3.54) | 3.41 (1.88-6.21) |
Diabetes Complications | ||||
Renal | ||||
Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Present | 0.93 (0.68-1.26) | 0.95 (0.68-1.33) | 0.76 (0.51-1.13) | 0.73 (0.46-1.14) |
Ophthalmologic | ||||
Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Present | 0.82 (0.60-1.13) | 1.00 (0.71-1.43) | 0.70 (0.46-1.09) | 0.68 (0.42-1.10) |
Peripheral vascular | ||||
Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Present | 1.68 (1.08-2.61) | 1.31 (0.81-2.10) | 2.30 (1.38-3.83) | 2.33 (1.35-4.02) |
Neurological | ||||
Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Present | 0.72 (0.51-1.02) | 0.73 (0.49-1.08) | 1.05 (0.68-1.65) | 1.43 (0.87-2.36) |