Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by urinary incontinence status, N = 447
Characteristic | Number of persons, N | Never incontinent, N | Seldom incontinent, N | Often incontinent, N | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total persons | 447 | 249 (56%) | 125 (28%) | 73 (16%) | |
Mean Age | 78 (±8.2) | 80 (±8.1) | 81 (±8.0) | 0.961 | |
Age categories | |||||
<75 | 127 | 88 (70%) | 27 (21%) | 12 (9%) | 0.003 |
75-80 | 101 | 52 (52%) | 34 (34%) | 15 (15%) | |
80-85 | 118 | 64 (54%) | 28 (24%) | 26 (22%) | |
>85 | 101 | 45 (56%) | 36 (36%) | 20 (16%) | |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||
Asian | 290 | 168 (58%) | 73 (25%) | 49 (17%) | 0.364 |
White | 58 | 25 (43%) | 21 (36%) | 12 (21%) | |
African | 35 | 19 (54%) | 11 (31%) | 5 (15%) | |
American/Other | |||||
Latino | 64 | 37 (58%) | 20 (31%) | 7 (11%) | |
Gender | |||||
Male | 154 | 98 (64%) | 40 (26%) | 16 (10%) | 0.018 |
Female | 293 | 151 (51%) | 85 (29%) | 57 (19%) | |
Ambulation a | |||||
Independent | 254 | 173 (68%) | 61 (24%) | 20 (8%) | 0.000 |
Dependentb | 188 | 75 (40%) | 63 (34%) | 50 (27%) | |
Transferring c | |||||
Independent | 317 | 204 (64%) | 82 (26%) | 31 (10%) | 0.000 |
Dependentb | 127 | 45 (35%) | 42 (33%) | 40 (32%) | |
Cognitive Impairment | |||||
Absent | 228 | 184 (64%) | 71 (25%) | 33 (11%) | 0.000 |
Present | 159 | 65 (41%) | 54 (34%) | 40 (25%) | |
Other Medications | |||||
Loop or Thiazide Diuretic Use | |||||
No | 336 | 188 (56%) | 91 (27%) | 57 (17%) | 0.679 |
Yes | 111 | 61 (55%) | 34 (31%) | 16 (14%) | |
Other factors | |||||
Depressive d Symptoms | |||||
Absent | 329 | 187 (57%) | 87 (26%) | 55 (17%) | 0.287 |
Present | 110 | 59 (54%) | 37 (34%) | 14 (13%) | |
Hemoglobin A1c Level | |||||
Mean (95% CI) | 7.7 (7.5-7.9) | 7.6 (7.3-7.8) | 7.7 (7.4-8.0) | 0.645 | |
<7 | 163 | 87 (53%) | 53 (33%) | 23 (14%) | 0.382 |
7-7.9 | 152 | 82 (54%) | 42 (28%) | 28 (18%) | |
8-8.9 | 69 | 46 (67%) | 13 (19%) | 10 (14%) | |
≥9 | 63 | 34 (54%) | 17 (27%) | 12 (19%) | |
Diabetes Medications | |||||
None | 272 | 157 (58%) | 70 (38%) | 45 (17%) | 0.527 |
Oral Medications | 133 | 73 (55%) | 39 (29%) | 21 (16%) | |
Insulin | 42 | 19 (45%) | 16 (38%) | 7 (17%) | |
Diabetes Complications | |||||
Renal | |||||
Absent | 200 | 106 (53%) | 57 (29%) | 37 (19%) | 0.460 |
Present | 247 | 143 (58%) | 68 (28%) | 36 (15%) | |
Ophthalmologic | |||||
Absent | 299 | 165 (55%) | 80 (27%) | 54 (18%) | 0.338 |
Present | 148 | 84 (57%) | 45 (30%) | 19 (13%) | |
Peripheral vascular | |||||
Absent | 384 | 216 (56%) | 107 (28%) | 61 (16%) | 0.784 |
Present | 63 | 33 (52%) | 18 (29%) | 12 (19%) | |
Neurological | |||||
Absent | 336 | 180 (54%) | 103 (31%) | 53 (16%) | 0.088 |
Present | 111 | 69 (62%) | 22 (20%) | 20 (18%) | |