Table 1 Univariable associations of baseline characteristics (1998/99) with regular dizziness at 7- and 10-year follow-up (2005/06 and 2008/09)
From: Predictors of dizziness in older persons: a 10-year prospective cohort study in the community
7-year follow-up (N = 681) | 10-year follow-up (N = 512) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristic | D+ (N = 129) | D- (N = 552) | OR | 95% CI | Pvalue | D+ (N = 73) | D- (N = 439) | OR | 95% CI | Pvalue |
I. Sociodemographic | ||||||||||
Age, mean (SD) | 74.0 (6.2) | 72.9 (6.2) | 1.0 | 1.0-1.1 | 0.052 | 72.4 (6.0) | 72.0 (5.9) | 1.0 | 1.0-1.1 | 0.609 |
Gender, female, n (%) | 99 (76.7) | 304 (55.1) | 2.7 | 1.7-4.2 | <0.001 | 48 (65.8) | 253 (57.6) | 1.4 | 0.8-2.4 | 0.193 |
Years of education, mean (SD) | 8.3 (2.8) | 9.4 (3.3) | 0.9 | 0.8-1.0 | 0.001 | 9.0 (3.1) | 9.4 (3.3) | 1.0 | 0.9-1.0 | 0.315 |
Living alone, n(%) | 67 (51.9) | 182 (33.0) | 2.2 | 1.5-3.2 | <0.001 | 36 (49.3) | 144 (32.8) | 2.0 | 1.2-3.3 | 0.007 |
II. Medical history | ||||||||||
Regular dizziness, n (%) | 47 (36.4) | 50 (9.1) | 5.8 | 3.6-9.1 | <0.001 | 28 (38.4) | 41 (9.3) | 6.0 | 3.4-10.7 | <0.001 |
No. major chronic diseases (0–7), mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.4 | 1.2-1.7 | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.3 | 1.0-1.5 | 0.015 |
Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 18 (14.0) | 73 (13.2) | 1.1 | 0.6-1.9 | 0.827 | 9 (12.3) | 58 (13.2) | 0.9 | 0.4-2.0 | 0.836 |
Cardiac disease, n (%) | 38 (29.5) | 134 (24.3) | 1.3 | 0.9-2.0 | 0.223 | 19 (26.0) | 103 (23.5) | 1.1 | 0.7-2.0 | 0.634 |
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 14 (10.9) | 33 (6.0) | 1.9 | 1.0-3.7 | 0.053 | 4 (5.5) | 27 (6.2) | 0.9 | 0.3-2.6 | 0.824 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (7.8) | 36 (6.5) | 1.2 | 0.6-2.5 | 0.617 | 5 (6.8) | 22 (5.0) | 1.4 | 0.5-3.8 | 0.517 |
Stroke, n (%) | 5 (3.9) | 26 (4.7) | 0.8 | 0.3-2.2 | 0.683 | 3 (4.1) | 15 (3.4) | 1.2 | 0.3-4.3 | 0.766 |
Osteo/rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 93 (72.1) | 248 (44.9) | 3.2 | 2.1-4.8 | <0.001 | 45 (61.6) | 216 (49.2) | 1.7 | 1.0-2.8 | 0.051 |
Cancer, n (%) | 25 (19.4) | 58 (10.5) | 2.0 | 1.2-3.4 | 0.006 | 14 (19.2) | 52 (11.8) | 1.8 | 0.9-3.4 | 0.087 |
III. Medication | ||||||||||
No. of drugs, mean (SD) | 2.9 (2.1) | 2.2 (2.0) | 1.2 | 1.1-1.3 | 0.001 | 2.5 (2.0) | 2.0 (1.9) | 1.1 | 1.0-1.3 | 0.030 |
Psychopharmaceutical drugs | ||||||||||
Antidepressants, n (%) | 8 (6.2) | 20 (3.6) | 1.8 | 0.8-4.1 | 0.189 | 2 (2.7) | 16 (3.6) | 0.7 | 0.2-3.3 | 0.698 |
Anxiolytics, n (%) | 13 (10.1) | 28 (5.1) | 2.1 | 1.1-4.2 | 0.035 | 9 (12.3) | 20 (4.6) | 2.9 | 1.3-6.8 | 0.011 |
Hypnotics, n (%) | 19 (14.7) | 51 (9.2) | 1.7 | 1.0-3.0 | 0.067 | 8 (11.0) | 37 (8.4) | 1.3 | 0.6-3.0 | 0.481 |
Cardiovascular drugs | ||||||||||
Antihypertensives, n (%) | 53 (41.1) | 191 (34.6) | 1.3 | 0.9-2.0 | 0.168 | 32 (43.8) | 147 (33.5) | 1.6 | 0.9-2.6 | 0.086 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 28 (21.7) | 75 (13.6) | 1.8 | 1.1-2.9 | 0.022 | 12 (16.4) | 49 (11.2) | 1.6 | 0.8-3.1 | 0.201 |
Nitrates, n (%) | 19 (14.7) | 32 (5.8) | 2.8 | 1.5-5.1 | 0.001 | 9 (12.3) | 27 (6.2) | 2.1 | 1.0-4.8 | 0.061 |
IV. Psychological | ||||||||||
Impaired cognition, MMSE ≤24, n (%) | 9 (7.0) | 25 (4.5) | 1.6 | 0.7-3.5 | 0.254 | 4 (5.5) | 15 (3.4) | 1.6 | 0.5-5.1 | 0.392 |
Anxiety, HADS-A ≥11, n (%)a,f | 17 (13.3) | 17 (3.1) | 4.8 | 2.4-9.7 | <0.001 | 7 (9.6) | 13 (3.0) | 3.5 | 1.4-9.0 | 0.011 |
Depression, CES-D ≥16, n (%)a,f | 40 (31.3) | 78 (14.2) | 2.8 | 1.8-4.3 | <0.001 | 20 (27.4) | 68 (15.5) | 2.1 | 1.2-3.7 | 0.014 |
Anxiety or depression a,f | 43 (33.6) | 83 (15.1) | 2.9 | 1.8-4.4 | <0.001 | 21 (28.8) | 72 (16.4) | 2.1 | 1.2-3.6 | 0.013 |
V. Sensory | ||||||||||
Impaired vision, n (%)b | 42 (32.6) | 94 (17.1) | 2.3 | 1.5-3.6 | <0.001 | 20 (27.4) | 71 (16.2) | 2.0 | 1.1-3.5 | 0.022 |
Impaired hearing, n (%) | 49 (38.0) | 169 (30.6) | 1.4 | 0.9-2.1 | 0.107 | 26 (35.6) | 127 (28.9) | 1.4 | 0.8-2.3 | 0.249 |
VI. Balance/gait | ||||||||||
Impaired function of lower extremities (gait speed), n (%)c,g | 52 (41.3) | 130 (23.8) | 2.3 | 1.5-3.4 | <0.001 | 25 (34.2) | 98 (22.6) | 1.8 | 1.0-3.0 | 0.033 |
Impaired function of lower extremities (chair stands), n (%)d,h | 65 (51.2) | 146 (26.5) | 2.9 | 2.0-4.3 | <0.001 | 34 (47.2) | 108 (24.7) | 2.7 | 1.6-4.6 | <0.001 |
Impaired standing balance (tandem stand), n (%)e,g | 35 (27.8) | 97 (17.8) | 1.8 | 1.1-2.8 | 0.012 | 17 (23.3) | 68 (15.7) | 1.6 | 0.9-3.0 | 0.110 |
Falling past year, n (%)a,f | 46 (35.7) | 159 (28.9) | 1.4 | 0.9-2.0 | 0.134 | 25 (34.2) | 128 (29.2) | 1.3 | 0.7-2.1 | 0.386 |