The trail making test as a screening instrument for driving performance in older drivers; a translational research

BMC Geriatrics

Table 4 Crude and adjusted odds of having poor driving competencies (N = 404)

Determinants	Crude		Model 1-TMT-A		Model 2-TMT-B
	Crude		R² = 0.081		R² = 0.107
	OR [CI95%, p-value]	R²	OR_adj	P-value	OR_adj	P-value
Neuropsychological tasks
TMT-A*	5.1 [1.5 to 17.4, p = 0.010]	0.036	3.8	0.041	-	-
TMT-B*	7.6 [2.2 to 25.8, p = 0.001]	0.058	-	-	6.3	0.005
MoCA		0.043
NoCI (MoCA ≥ 26)	Reference
MCI (MoCA < 26 & ≥19)	0.60 [0.20 to 1.8, p = 0.368]
SCI (MoCA < 19)	16.7 [2.2 to 127, p = 0.006]
MoCAmod*†	4.4 [1.4 to 13.7, p = 0.010]	0.034	-	-
Socio-demographic
Age*	1.6 [0.43 to 6.0, p = 0.468]	0.003	0.85	0.821	0.83	0.797
Gender (female)	2.1 [0.88 to 5.0 p = 0.093]	0.016	-	-	-	-
Education (<12 yrs)	0.81 [0.3 to 2.3, p = 0.701]	<0.001	-	-	0.59	0.349
Functional mobility
Timed up-and-go test (TUG)	3.2 [0.9 to 11.1, p = 0.066]	0.020	2.4	0.178	2.2	0.210
Driving experience
Distance driven per week*†	5.4 [1.6 to 17.4, p = 0.004]	0.043	4.1	0.022	3.9	0.031
Vision
Visual acuity*†	1.5 [0.44 to 5.3, p = 0.514]	0.002	-	-

*Odds ratio was measured using logistic regression. Continuous values were transformed to be normally distributed and have a range of 0 to 1 from the fifth to the ninety-fifth percentile of the population. † Scale was inverted for high scores to represent worsening conditions. We used multiple imputations (50) to replace missing data (TUG, n = 10; distance per week, n = 2; visual acuity, n = 3). MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCAmod = Modified Montreal Cognitive Assessment (First subtask similar to TMT-B omitted), NoCI = No cognitive impairement; R² = McFadden's pseudo R-squared coefficient of determination; SCI = severe cognitive impairment.