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Table 3 The association between reported loneliness (Waves 2 to 5) and odds of pet ownership (Wave 5) (OR and 95% CI)

From: Does owning a pet protect older people against loneliness?

 

Pet ownership

 

Cross-sectional

Prospective analysis

Loneliness

Wave 5

Wave 2 to wave5 (2004–2010)

Wave 3 to wave 5 (2006–2010)

Wave 4 to wave 5 (2008–2010)

N

4,638

4,743

4,640

4,571

Adjusted 1

 

All

 

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

1.24 (1.05-1.46)

1.20 (1.01-1.42)

1.21 (1.02-1.43)

1.45 (1.23-1.72)

Men

 

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

1.03 (0.77-1.36)

1.03 (0.76-1.38)

0.89 (0.67-1.20)

1.02 (0.77-1.36)

Women

 

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

1.40 (1.14-1.72)

1.30 (1.05-1.61)

1.42 (1.16-1.74)

1.76 (1.43-2.17)

P sex interaction

0.006

0.02

0.001

<0.001

Adjusted 2

 

All

 

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

1.39 (1.01-1.91)

1.13 (0.8-1.59)

1.40 (1.01-1.96)

1.43 (1.02-2.01)

Men

 

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

0.79 (0.47-1.34)

0.96 (0.58-1.59)

0.97 (0.57-1.65)

1.10 (0.65-1.87)

Women

 

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

1.84 (1.26-2.68)

1.28 (0.86-1.89)

1.56 (1.07-2.27)

1.81 (1.22-2.67)

P sex interaction

0.006

0.26

0.07

0.07

  1. Adjusted 1 = for gender(in pooled analysis), age, marital status, working status, social class, health status, social participation, close personal relationships, household income.
  2. Adjusted 2 = additionally adjusted for pet ownership in Wave 0, N = 2,141.