From: Does owning a pet protect older people against loneliness?
 | Pet ownership | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Cross-sectional | Prospective analysis | ||
Loneliness | Wave 5 | Wave 2 to wave5 (2004–2010) | Wave 3 to wave 5 (2006–2010) | Wave 4 to wave 5 (2008–2010) |
N | 4,638 | 4,743 | 4,640 | 4,571 |
Adjusted 1 | Â | |||
All | Â | |||
  No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
  Yes | 1.24 (1.05-1.46) | 1.20 (1.01-1.42) | 1.21 (1.02-1.43) | 1.45 (1.23-1.72) |
Men | Â | |||
  No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
  Yes | 1.03 (0.77-1.36) | 1.03 (0.76-1.38) | 0.89 (0.67-1.20) | 1.02 (0.77-1.36) |
Women | Â | |||
  No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
  Yes | 1.40 (1.14-1.72) | 1.30 (1.05-1.61) | 1.42 (1.16-1.74) | 1.76 (1.43-2.17) |
P sex interaction | 0.006 | 0.02 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Adjusted 2 | Â | |||
All | Â | |||
  No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
  Yes | 1.39 (1.01-1.91) | 1.13 (0.8-1.59) | 1.40 (1.01-1.96) | 1.43 (1.02-2.01) |
Men | Â | |||
  No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
  Yes | 0.79 (0.47-1.34) | 0.96 (0.58-1.59) | 0.97 (0.57-1.65) | 1.10 (0.65-1.87) |
Women | Â | |||
  No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
  Yes | 1.84 (1.26-2.68) | 1.28 (0.86-1.89) | 1.56 (1.07-2.27) | 1.81 (1.22-2.67) |
P sex interaction | 0.006 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.07 |