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Table 2 Mean unadjusted annual percentage changes (95% CI) by gender and age-change categories from baseline to follow-up for bone mineral density (BMD), grip strength, balance and gait velocity

From: Gender specific age-related changes in bone density, muscle strength and functional performance in the elderly: a-10 year prospective population-based study

  

Age change categories from baseline to follow-up

 

Measurements

 

N

50 to 60 years

n

60 to 70 years

n

70+years

Interaction 2

BMD (mg/cm2)

Men

44

−0.83 (−1.18, -0.46)

48

−0.75 (−1.05, -0.45)

47

−1.00 (−1.31, -0.69)

<0.01

Women

68

−0.71 (−0.98, -0.43)

68

−1.44 (−1.71, -1.18) *

63

−1.48 (−1.80, -1.17) *

 

P-value 1

 

0.67

 

<0.001

 

<0.05

 

Grip strength (kp/cm2)

Men

41

−3.09 (−3.55, -2.64)

49

−2.84 (−3.13, -2.54)

52

−2.75 (−3.21, -2.28)

0.92

Women

67

−2.44 (−2.78, -2.09)

67

−2.49 (−2.88, -2.09)

59

−2.22 (−2.74, -1.70)

 

P-value 1

 

0.06

 

0.06

 

0.38

 

Balance (sec)

Men

43

−0.46 (−0.91, 0.00)

42

−0.95 (−1.48, -0.42) *

37

−2.41 (−3.02, -1.79) *,†

0.30

Women

63

−0.27 (−0.72, 0.18)

65

−1.61 (−2.01, -1.22) *

36

−2.11 (−2.95, -1.27) *

 

P-value 1

 

0.42

 

0.12

 

0.75

 

Gait velocity (m/sec)

Men

44

0.13 (−0.34, 0.60)

49

−0.55 (−1.19, 0.09) **

50

−1.68 (−2.33, -1.04) *,‡

0.21

Women

67

−0.19 (−0.70, 0.31)

69

−0.25 (−0.70, 0.19)

63

−2.38 (−3.03, -1.74) *,†

 

P-value 1

 

0.15

 

0.84

 

0.86

 
  1. 1,2 P-values for gender differences for each age change category and the gender-by-age change category interactions were assessed by ANCOVA adjusting for covariates. *p < 0.001 versus 50–60 years; †p < 0.001 versus 60–70 years; ‡p < 0.05 versus 60–70 years; **p < 0.05 versus 50–60 years.