Table 2 Association between selected variables and falls among institutionalized older adults in Madrid, Spain
From: Factors associated with falls among older adults living in institutions
Variables | Crude RR | RRa (95% CI) | RRb (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Male gender | 1.21 | 1.37 (0.74-2.53) | 1.12 (0.60-2.07) |
Age (per 5 y) | 1.02 | 0.95 (0.81-1.11) | 0.86 (0.71-1.03) |
Marital status (no spouse) | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.72-2.26) | 1.71 (0.93-3.17) |
Education | |||
Less than primary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.27 | 1.22 (0.63-2.37) | 1.06 (0.53-2.12) |
Secondary or higher | 1.30 | 1.09 (0.49-2.45) | 1.17 (0.54-2.52) |
Length of stay (years) | |||
0-2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3-5 | 1.05 | 1.11 (0.61-2.02) | 1.34 (0.72-2.50) |
≥ 6 | 1.38 | 1.50 (0.78-2.87) | 1.31 (0.68-2.53) |
Facility size (per 50 beds) | 1.01 | 1.03 (0.94-1.13) | 1.01 (0.93-1.10) |
Facility | |||
Public | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Subsidized | 1.69 | 1.14 (0.59-2.20) | 1.41(0.62-3.20) |
Private | 1.29 | 1.02 (0.49-2.14) | 1.13 (0.57-2.23) |
No. of diseases (per 1) | 1.40 | 1.40 (1.27-1.54) | 1.32 (1.17-1.50) |
No. of medications (per 1) | 1.27 | 1.19 (1.06-1.33) | 1.07 (0.95-1.21) |
Antidepressant use | 3.30 | 3.40 (1.65-7.04) | 2.32 (1.22-4.40) |
Anxiolytic use | 1.73 | 1.64 (0.80-3.36) | 1.48 (0.75-2.91) |
Hypnotic use | 0.56 | 0.50 (0.23-1.08) | 0.62 (0.24-1.56) |
Antipsychotic use | 1.26 | 0.73 (0.36-1.49) | 0.92 (0.47-1.82) |
Functional dependence | |||
Independent (100c) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mild (91-99) | 2.24 | 2.16 (0.70-6.60) | 1.89 (0.60-5.97) |
Moderate (61-90) | 3.58 | 2.76 (1.19-6.37) | 2.39 (0.87-6.55) |
Severe (21-60) | 6.17 | 5.03 (1.77-14.28) | 3.02 (1.17-7.78) |
Total (0-20) | 1.83 | 0.89 (0.24-3.25) | 0.86 (0.26-2.82) |
Use of cane | 1.59 | 2.07 (0.93-4.61) | 1.55 (0.79-3.07) |
Use of walker | 2.29 | 1.33 (0.63-2.80) | 0.91 (0.46-1.82) |
Behavioural problems | 1.98 | 1.32 (0.64-2.74) | 1.09 (0.56-2.11) |
Cognitive status | |||
Normal (≤2d) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mild (3–4) | 1.10 | 0.77 (0.35-1.70) | 0.78 (0.33-1.83) |
Moderate (5–7) | 1.52 | 0.90 (0.42-1.94) | 0.68 (0.29-1.60) |
Severe (≥8) | 1.77 | 1.85 (0.58-5.87) | 2.15 (0.82-5.65) |
Vision (moderate/severe) | 1.22 | 0.89 (0.51-1.57) | 0.90 (0.55-1.47) |
Hearing (moderate/severe) | 0.97 | 0.90 (0.38-2.13) | 1.11 (0.49-2.54) |
Insomnia | 1.21 | 1.16 (0.63-2.15) | 0.88 (0.50-1.55) |
Urinary incontinence | 3.42 | 2.89 (1.48-5.65) | 2.56 (1.32-4.94) |
Physical restraint | 1.11 | 0.74 (0.28-1.93) | 0.63 (0.29-1.36) |
Self-rated health (fair/poor/very poor) | 2.00 | 1.65 (0.93-2.95) | 1.34 (0.74-2.41) |
Physician-rated health (fair/poor/very poor) | 2.31 | 2.11 (1.18-3.78) | 0.97 (0.55-1.71) |
Depressive symptoms (per 1 GDS point) | 1.14 | 1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 1.01 (0.92-1.11) |