Table 1 Characteristics of the participants

Type of housing, n (%)

0.079 (χ² = 3.08, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = 0.079

 Ordinary housing

174 (92)

267 (87)

 Sheltered accommodation/Nursing home

15 (8)

40 (13)

Marital status, n (%)

<0.001(χ² = 56.78, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = 0.34

 Married/Cohabitated

142 (75)

124 (40)

 Widowed/Divorced/Unmarried

47 (25)

183 (60)

Living situation, n (%)

<0.001 (χ² = 61.17, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = -0.35

 Alone

68 (36)

220 (72)

 With others

121 (64)

87 (28)

Level of education, n (%)

<0.001(χ² = 6.57, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = -0.18

 ≤ 7 years

97 (52)

188 (64)

 > 7 years

89 (48)

106 (36)

Working status, n (%)

0.004 (χ² = 10.83, df = 2) ^a

φ_c = -0.15

 Low (blue collar)

81(44)

174(59)

 Intermediate (white collar)

85(46)

103(35)

 High (self-employed or academic profession)

17(9)

16(6)

Use of assistive technology, n (%)

80 (43)

212 (70)

<0.001(χ² = 34.33, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = 0.26

 No. of used assistive technology, Median, (IQR)

0 (0–2)

2 (0–3)

<0.001(U = 20 116, df = 490) ^b

r_rb = 0.26

Assistance needed, n (%)

75 (40)

209 (68)

<0.001 (χ² = 37.11, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = 0.28

 No. of used assistance service, Median, (IQR)

0 (0–1)

1 (1–2)

<0.001(U = 19 001, df = 488) ^b

r_rb = 0.3

Self-rated Health (range 0–100), Mean ± SD

69 ± 19

65 ± 20

0.018 (t = -2.37, df = 435) ^c

Cohen’s d = 0.21

No. of GP visits, Median (IQR)

1 (0–3)

2 (1–3)

0.057 (U = 26 119, df = 494) ^b

r_rb = 0.09

Any visit to ER, n (%)

55 (31)

95 (29)

0.664 (χ² = 0.19, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = 0.02

Any in-patient hospitalization, n (%)

44 (25)

79 (23)

0.539 (χ² = 0.38, df = 1) ^a

φ_c = 0.03