A cognitive-motor intervention using a dance video game to enhance foot placement accuracy and gait under dual task conditions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Results of dual task costs of walking analysis

Condition/Parameters	Dance Group (n = 11)		Control Group (n = 10)		P _between	r
	_Δ DTC %	P _within	_Δ DTC %	P _within
*Normal walking speed*
Velocity	- 8.22	0.16	+ 0.90	0.96	0.29	0.23
Cadence	- 4.92	0.13	+ 2.85	0.80	0.15	0.32⁺
Step time	- 5.80	0.09°	+ 2.00	0.88	0.25	0.27
Cycle time	- 5.68	0.09°	+ 3.01	0.88	0.18	0.29
Stance time	- 6.69	0.11	+ 1.93	0.96	0.23	0.26
Single support time	- 3.60	0.06°	+ 5.38	0.20	0.05*	0.43⁺
Double support time	- 9.51	0.18	- 4.75	0.80	0.62	0.11
Step length	- 3.54	0.21	- 2.52	0.65	0.86	0.04
*Fast walking speed*
Velocity	- 7.07	0.04*	- 3.05	0.88	0.29	0.23
Cadence	- 4.35	0.09°	+ 0.62	0.72	0.16	0.31⁺
Step time	- 6.27	0.08°	+ 5.03	0.58	0.16	0.31⁺
Cycle time	- 6.02	0.08°	+ 4.74	0.58	0.16	0.31⁺
Stance time	- 7.29	0.08°	+ 5.36	0.58	0.16	0.31⁺
Single support time	- 3.51	0.21	+ 4.18	0.51	0.04*	0.45⁺
Double support time	- 13.42	0.03*	+ 9.23	0.33	0.18	0.29
Step length	- 3.73	0.02*	- 2.92	0.72	0.83	0.05

Notes: Dual task cost are illustrated as the percentage of the mean difference between pre and post intervention (_Δ DTC %), negative values represent a reduction of DTC, positive values represent an increase in DTC; * = significant within-group differences pre-post (P _within ≤ 0.05) calculated with Wilcoxon signed rank test; ° = trend to significance (p_within ≤ 0.10); * = significant between-group differences after intervention phase (P _between ≤ 0.05) calculated with Mann–Whitney-U-test; ° = trend to significance (P _between ≤ 0.10).
Abbreviations: P _within: P-value for within-group comparison; P _between: P-value for between-groups comparison; r: effect size (r = 0.1, small effect, ⁺r = 0.3, medium effect).

ISSN: 1471-2318