Table 5 Armstrong frailty index (43 items)

Mood

  Persistent anger

  Unrealistic fears

  Repetitive health complaints

  Sad, pained, worried facial expressions

  Withdrawal from activities of interest

  Reduced social interactions

Communication

  Moderate/severe vision problems

Functional status

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with meal preparation

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with ordinary housework

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with managing finances

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with managing meds

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with stair climbing

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with shopping

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with bathing

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with personal hygiene

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with dressing upper body

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with dressing lower body

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with locomotion

  Limited help (0.5), extensive help (1) with transferring

  Minimal help (0.5), extensive help (1) with toilet use

  Minimal help (0.5), extensive help (1) with eating

Incontinence

  Some (0.5) or daily (1) bladder incontinence

Disease diagnosis

  Hip fracture, other fractures, osteoporosis

  Arthritis

  Alzheimer’s disease/dementia

  Hemiplegia

  Multiple sclerosis

  Parkinson's disease

  Stroke or CVA

  Hypertension

  Coronary heart disease

  Congestive heart failure

  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/Emphysema/Asthma

  Diabetes

  Renal disease

  Peripheral vascular disease

  Cardiac arrhythmias

  Thyroid disease

Health conditions

  Balance - unsteady gait

  Poor self-reported health

  Unstable health

Nutrition/Medications

  BMI 30–40 (0.5), BMI > 40 (1)

  Weight loss 5% or more in last 30 days or 10% in last 180 days