Behavioral health coaching for rural-living older adults with diabetes and depression: an open pilot of the HOPE Study

Table 3 Clinical outcome data for the HOPE Pilot study cohort

*Data-Collection Timeframe*	*Outcome Measures*
	*HbA1c*	*PHQ-9*	*PAID*
*Baseline, M (SD)*	9.73 (2.62)	14.6 (2.99)	46.8 (6.29)
*3-month, M (SD)*	8.60 (3.56)	9.43 (3.91)	28.9 (15.6)
*Change from baseline to 3-month, M (SD)*	1.13 (1.70)	5.14 (2.27)	17.7 (10.7)
*Effect Size, Cohen’s d*	0.36	1.48	1.50
*6-month, M (SD)*	8.89 (3.35)	7.57 (5.03)	26.9 (25.9)
*Change from baseline to 6-month, M (SD)*	0.84 (1.62)	7.03 (4.43)	20.4 (20.7)
*Effect Size, Cohen’s d*	0.28	1.69	1.06

M mean, SD standard deviation, R range;
Effect sizes measured using Cohen’s d (0.8=large effect, 0.5=medium effect, 0.2=small effect).
Baseline=readings at baseline assessment;
3-month=readings at 3-month follow-up assessment;
6-month=readings at 6-month follow-up assessment.
HbA1c hemoglobin A1c; Lower HbA1c is consistent with better diabetes control.
PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9; Higher total PHQ-9 scores indicate elevated depressive symptoms.
PAID Problem Areas In Diabetes scale; Higher total PAID scores represent greater diabetes related distress.

ISSN: 1471-2318