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Table 4 Associations ORs and 95% CI between dependent variable: psychological distress (HSCL-10 ≥1.85), socio-demographics, somatic health-problems and social support (OSS-3), (n = 2,387)

From: The importance of social support in the associations between psychological distress and somatic health problems and socio-economic factors among older adults living at home: a cross sectional study

Independent variables

Model 1 Each predictor adjusted for age and gender

Model 2a and b Adjusted for age, gender and social support

Model 3a and b Adjusted for age, gender, social support and socio-demographics

Model 4 Adjusted for all variables

Social support

    

Number of close friends

0.44*** (0.36 – 0,54)

  

0.61*** (0.47 – 0.80)

Concern and interest

0.52*** (0.44 – 0.61)

  

0.68*** (0.55 – 0.84)

Practical help from neighbours

0.74*** (0.64 – 0.86)

  

1.13 (0.93 – 1.37)

Demography

    

Education

    

Primary, 9 yrs (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

Secondary, 12 yrs

0.55* (0.33 – 0.90)

  

0.75 (0.39 – 1.43)

College/Univ > 12 yrs

0.60** (0.41 – 0.88)

  

1.04 (0.61 – 1.75)

Income in thousands

    

150’ (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

150-200’

0.51** (0.33 – 0.81)

  

0.53* (0.31 – 0.91)

200-300’

0.42*** (0.27 – 0.65)

  

0.54* (0.31 – 0.94)

300+

0.21*** (0.12 – 0.39)

  

0.31* (0.19 – 0.83)

Marital status

    

Married/cohabiting (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

Single

1.48* (1.05 – 2.08)

  

1.37 (0.90 – 2.08)

District of town

    

Ullern (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

Østensjø

1.71** (1.24 – 2.36)

  

1.10 (0.71 – 1.72)

Somatic health problems, 2a,b and 3a,b

    

Diagnoses 2a and 3a

    

Diabetes

1.45 (0.83 – 2.53)

1.37 (0.76 – 2.47)

1.37 (0.73 – 2.58)

0.86 (0.41 – 1.81)

Chronic lung disease

2.04** (1.21 – 3.46)

1.68 (0.95 – 2.98)

1.55 (0.85 – 2.81)

1.25 (0.67 – 2.35)

Osteoporosis

2.52*** (1.71 – 3.71)

2.28*** (1.51 – 3.46)

2.38*** (1.54 – 3.68)

1.59 (0.98 – 2.56)

Musculoskeletal ailments

2.19*** (1.59 – 3.03)

1.90*** (1.35 – 2.69)

1.77** (1.23 – 2.53)

1.50* (1.01 – 2.22)

Cardiac infarction

2.09** (1.29 – 3.37)

1.85* (1.10 – 3.10)

1.78* (1.04 – 3.05)

1.70 (0.94 – 3.08)

Angina

2.10** (1.32 – 3.34)

1.67* (1.01 – 2.77)

1.72* (1.02 – 2.90)

1.25 (0.69 – 2.26)

Stroke

2.09** (1.34 – 3.28)

1.75* (1.07 – 2.85)

1.44 (0.86 – 2.40)

0.87 (0.50 – 1.51)

Cancer

1.01 (0.66 – 1.55)

0.85 (0.54 – 1.36)

0.79 (0.48 – 1.29)

0.87 (0.51 – 1.47)

Diagnoses, sum

1.70*** (1.48 – 1.96)

1.53*** (1.32 – 1.78)

1.50*** (1.27 – 1.77)

1.29** (1.08 – 1.54)

Physical impairment, 2b and 3b

    

Balance

6.58*** (4.41 – 9.83)

5.16*** (3.41 – 7.81)

5.53*** (2.97 – 6.91)

2.66*** (1.67 – 4.22)

Vision

4.06*** (2.92 – 5.65)

3.31*** (2.33 – 4.70)

3.07*** (2.12 – 4.44)

2.21*** (1.48 – 3.31)

Hearing

1.59** (1.14 – 2.21)

0.79 (0.96 – 1.94)

1.30 (0.90 – 1.87)

0.87 (0.58 – 1.30)

Urine leak

3.42*** (2.45 – 4.78)

3.02*** (2.11 – 4.31)

3.13*** (2.16 – 4.54)

2.02*** (1.43 – 3.20)

Memory

3.63*** (2.57 – 5.11)

3.32*** (2.31 – 4.78)

3.06*** (2.10 – 4.47)

1.99*** (1.31 – 3.00)

Impairments, sum

2.10*** (1.84 – 2.38)

1.98*** (1.72 – 2.27)

1.90*** (1.65 – 2.20)

1.84*** (1.59 – 2.13)

  1. Model 1: Separate logistic regression analyses with each predictor one-by-one, controlled for age and gender.
  2. Models 2a and b: Logistic regression analyses controlled for age, gender and social support, with separate analyses for diagnoses and physical impairments.
  3. In Model 2a, we have treated all diagnoses as one group without physical impairments.
  4. In Model 2b, we have treated all physical impairments as one group without diagnoses.
  5. Models 3a and b: Logistic regression analyses controlled for age, gender, social support and other socio-demographic factors, with separate analyses for diagnoses and physical impairments.
  6. In Model 3a, we have treated all diagnoses as one group without physical impairments.
  7. In Model 3b, we have treated all physical impairments as one group without diagnoses.
  8. Model 4: Logistic regression analyses controlled for all variables introduced simultaneously, including age, gender, social support, socio-demographic factors, diagnoses and physical impairments.
  9. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.