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Table 5 Use of CNS medication and the change in cognitive functioning

From: Use of CNS medications and cognitive decline in the aged: a longitudinal population-based study

Medication

Sex

Baseline MMSE

MMSE during follow-up

 

Change in MMSE

  

Users

Controls

 

Users

Controls

 

Users

Controls

  
  

N

Mean ± SD

N

Mean ± SD

p1

Mean ± SD2

Mean ± SD2

p2

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

p for diff

adjusted p

Opioids1

M+W

9

27.7 ±

1.8

384

28.2 ±

1.8

0.276

21.2 ±

7.8

26.5 ±

4.5

0.011

-6.4 ±

7.3

-1.7 ±

4.3

0.007

0.032

Opioids2

M+W

9

27.7 ±

1.8

556

28.1 ±

1.9

0.372

21.2 ±

7.8

26.2 ±

4.7

0.018

-6.4 ±

7.3

-1.9 ±

4.4

0.009

0.021

Anticholinergics2

M

29

28.2 ±

1.8 ±

198

28.3 ±

1.7

0.938

25.0 ±

4.4

27.0 ±

3.2

0.015

-3.2 ±

4.0

-1.3 ±

2.9

0.021

0.002

Opioid and

             

   any other CNS medication1

M+W

6

27.3 ±

2.0

384

28.2 ±

1.8

0.020

18.8 ±

8.7

26.5 ±

4.5

0.010

-8.5 ±

8.0

-1.7 ±

4.3

0.004

0.007

Benzodiazepine or related drug and

             

   opioid1

M+W

4

26.5 ±

1.7

384

28.2 ±

1.8

0.052

15.8 ±

8.7

26.5 ±

4.5

0.004

-10.8 ±

9.0

-1.7 ±

4.3

0.006

0.002

   opioid1

W

4

26.5 ±

1.7

210

28.0 ±

2.0

0.097

15.8 ±

8.7

26.0 ±

5.2

0.007

-10.8 ±

9.0

-2.0 ±

5.1

0.010

0.024

  1. Significant associations between the use of at least one CNS medication or the use of a combination of CNS medications and change in cognitive functioning (MMSE) during the follow-up of 7.6 years (1990-1999), by sex.
  2. M = men
  3. W = women
  4. MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination
  5. SD = standard deviation
  6. p1 = significance of difference in MMSE at baseline between users and controls, Mann-Whitney U test
  7. p2 = significance of difference in MMSE during follow-up examination between users and control, Mann-Whitney U test
  8. p for diff = significance of difference of change in MMSE between users and controls, Mann-Whitney U test
  9. adjusted p = p-value for difference of change in MMSE between users and controls adjusted for control factors, analysis of covariance
  10. 1control group: no medication with effects on the central nervous system
  11. 2control group: non-users of corresponding medications