From: Use of CNS medications and cognitive decline in the aged: a longitudinal population-based study
Medication | Sex | Baseline MMSE | MMSE during follow-up | Change in MMSE | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Users | Controls | Users | Controls | Users | Controls | ||||||||
N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | p1 | Mean ± SD2 | Mean ± SD2 | p2 | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p for diff | adjusted p | ||
Opioids1 | M+W | 9 | 27.7 ± 1.8 | 384 | 28.2 ± 1.8 | 0.276 | 21.2 ± 7.8 | 26.5 ± 4.5 | 0.011 | -6.4 ± 7.3 | -1.7 ± 4.3 | 0.007 | 0.032 |
Opioids2 | M+W | 9 | 27.7 ± 1.8 | 556 | 28.1 ± 1.9 | 0.372 | 21.2 ± 7.8 | 26.2 ± 4.7 | 0.018 | -6.4 ± 7.3 | -1.9 ± 4.4 | 0.009 | 0.021 |
Anticholinergics2 | M | 29 | 28.2 ± 1.8 ± | 198 | 28.3 ± 1.7 | 0.938 | 25.0 ± 4.4 | 27.0 ± 3.2 | 0.015 | -3.2 ± 4.0 | -1.3 ± 2.9 | 0.021 | 0.002 |
Opioid and | |||||||||||||
any other CNS medication1 | M+W | 6 | 27.3 ± 2.0 | 384 | 28.2 ± 1.8 | 0.020 | 18.8 ± 8.7 | 26.5 ± 4.5 | 0.010 | -8.5 ± 8.0 | -1.7 ± 4.3 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
Benzodiazepine or related drug and | |||||||||||||
opioid1 | M+W | 4 | 26.5 ± 1.7 | 384 | 28.2 ± 1.8 | 0.052 | 15.8 ± 8.7 | 26.5 ± 4.5 | 0.004 | -10.8 ± 9.0 | -1.7 ± 4.3 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
opioid1 | W | 4 | 26.5 ± 1.7 | 210 | 28.0 ± 2.0 | 0.097 | 15.8 ± 8.7 | 26.0 ± 5.2 | 0.007 | -10.8 ± 9.0 | -2.0 ± 5.1 | 0.010 | 0.024 |