From: Use of CNS medications and cognitive decline in the aged: a longitudinal population-based study
CNS medication users (N = 171) | CNS medication non-users (N = 394) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background variable | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-value1 | ||
Age | 71.9 ± 5.7 | 69.9 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of all medications | 4.5 ± 2.7 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of regularly taken medications | 3.3 ± 2.5 | 1.3 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of medications taken as needed | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of all medications excluding CNS medications | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of regularly taken medications excluding CNS medications | 2.4 ± 2.1 | 1.3 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of medications taken as needed excluding CNS medications | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | ||
N | % | N | % | p-value2 | |
Sex (woman) | 120 | 70.2 | 218 | 55.3 | < 0.001 |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 15 | 8.8 | 46 | 11.7 | 0.076 |
Unmarried or divorced | 101 | 59.1 | 256 | 65.0 | |
Widowed | 55 | 32.2 | 92 | 23.4 | |
Place of living | |||||
At home alone | 64 | 37.4 | 105 | 26.6 | 0.007 |
At home with other person | 105 | 61.4 | 288 | 73.1 | |
In institution or nursing home | 2 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.3 | |
Education | |||||
Less than basic | 13 | 7.6 | 19 | 4.8 | 0.423 |
Basic | 144 | 84.2 | 340 | 86.3 | |
More than basic | 14 | 8.2 | 35 | 8.9 | |
Ability to walk | |||||
Independent | 148 | 86.5 | 375 | 95.2 | < 0.001 |
With tools | 22 | 12.9 | 18 | 4.6 | |
Needs to be assisted | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.3 | |
Diagnoses | |||||
Depression | 38 | 22.2 | 25 | 6.4 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol related disease | 1 | 0.6 | 5 | 1.3 | 0.673 |
Hypertension | 59 | 34.5 | 100 | 25.4 | 0.027 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 32 | 18.7 | 60 | 15.2 | 0.303 |
Diabetes mellitus (type I or II) | 7 | 4.1 | 25 | 6.3 | 0.288 |
TIA | 8 | 4.7 | 3 | 0.8 | 0.004 |
Cerebral infarct | 1 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.8 | 1.000 |
Cerebral haemorrage | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.514 |
Cerebral trauma | 2 | 1.2 | 4 | 1.0 | 1.000 |
Malignant tumour or cancer | 5 | 0.3 | 17 | 4.3 | 0.432 |
HIV, lues or borreliosis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Dementia (all types) | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.091 |