Table 1 Descriptive statistics of adults aged 65 and over in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in 1998, 2004 and 2008

74.6

(74.5, 74.7)

74.4

(74.3, 74.5)

74.9

(74.7, 75.0)

74.5

(74.3, 74.6)

< 0.001

57.3

(56.7, 57.9)

58.1

(57.0, 59.1)

57.1

(56.0, 58.1)

56.9

(55.9, 58.0)

0.26

0.40

89.5

(89.2, 89.8)

89.4

(88.8, 89.9)

89.8

(89.3,90.4)

89.4

(88.8,90.0)

8.3

(8.0, 8.6)

8.5

(8.0, 9.0)

8.1

(7.6, 8.6)

8.3

(7.9, 8.8)

2.2

(2.0, 2.4)

2.1

(1.8, 2.4)

2.1

(1.8, 2.4)

2.3

(2.0, 2.6)

55.1

(54.4, 55.7)

55.3

(54.3, 56.4)

55.9

(54.9, 56.9)

54.1

(53.0, 55.2)

0.05

< 0.001

7.5

(7.2, 7.8)

9.6

(9.1, 10.2)

7.1

(6.6, 7.6)

6.0

(5.6, 7.5)

20.6

(20.1, 21.1)

24.2

(23.4, 25.1)

20.2

(19.4, 21.1)

18.0

(20.1, 21.1)

34.9

(34.4, 35.5)

33.1

(32.1, 34.1)

35.8

(34.8, 36.8)

35.7

(34.4, 35.5)

37.0

(36.4, 37.6)

33.1

(32.1, 34.1)

36.9

(35.9, 37.9)

40.3

(36.4, 37.6)

10.1

(9.7, 10.4)

10.9

(10.3, 11.6)

9.3

(8.8, 10.0)

10.1

(9.4, 10.8)

0.002

26.7

(26.6, 26.8)

26.0

(25.9, 26.1)

26.6

(26.4, 26.7)

27.5

(27.3, 27.6)

< 0.001

59.7

(59.2, 60.3)

52.5

(51.5, 53.5)

60.5

(59.5, 61.5)

65.0

(63.9, 66.0)

< 0.001

31.4

(30.8, 32.0)

30.7

(29.7, 31.6)

31.9

(30.9, 32.9)

31.6

(30.6, 32.5)

0.20

9.3

(9.0, 9.7)

9.8

(9.2, 10.4)

8.9

(8.4, 9.6)

9.2

(8.6, 9.8)

0.14

19.3

(18.8, 19.8)

15.2

(14.5, 15.9)

19.3

(18.4, 20.1)

22.7

(21.8, 23.6)

< 0.001

17.4

(16.9, 17.9)

14.6

(13.9, 15.3)

18.1

(17.3, 18.9)

19.1

(18.2, 19.9)

< 0.001

11.6

(11.2, 12.0)

10.8

(10.1, 11.4)

11.6

(10.9, 12.3)

12.3

(11.6, 13.0)

0.01

65.5

(64.9, 66.1)

59.1

(58.1, 60.1)

67.7

(66.7, 68.6)

68.8

(67.8, 69.8)

< 0.001

4.3

(4.1, 4.6)

4.9

(4.5, 5.3)

4.2

(3.8, 4.5)

4.0

(3.6, 4.4)

0.01

23.7

(23.2, 24.2)

25.4

(24.5, 26.3)

23.6

(22.7, 24.5)

22.4

(21.6, 23.3)

< 0.001

25.8

(25.3, 26.4)

25.4

(24.5, 26.3)

27.2

(26.2, 28.1)

25.0

(24.1, 25.9)

0.003

23.8

(23.3, 24.4)

19.8

(19.0, 20.6)

23.6

(22.7, 24.4)

27.5

(26.5, 28.4)

< 0.001

8.2

(7.9, 8.6)

8.3

(7.8, 8.9)

7.9

(7.3, 8.4)

8.5

(7.9, 9.1)

0.27

8.6

(8.3, 9.0)

9.8

(9.2, 10.4)

8.2

(7.6, 8.8)

8.1

(7.5, 8.6)

0.001

6.0

(5.7, 6.3)

6.9

(6.4, 7.4)

5.3

(4.9, 5.8)

5.9

(5.4, 6.4)

0.001

10.9

(10.5, 11.3)

3.8

(3.6, 4.1)

11.5

(10.8, 12.1)

4.1

(3.7, 4.5)

10.2

(9.5, 10.8)

3.7

(3.3, 4.1)

11.0

(10.4,11.7)

3.8

(3.4, 4.2)

0.01

0.28

6.3

(6.1, 6.6)

6.9

(6.4, 7.5)

5.8

(5.3, 6.3)

6.4

(5.8, 6.9)

0.01

7.6

(7.2, 7.9)

7.8

(7.2, 8.3)

7.5

(7.0, 8.1)

7.4

(6.9, 8.0)

0.66

4.0

(3.8, 4.2)

3.9

(3.5, 4.2)

3.9

(3.5, 4.3)

4.2

(3.8, 4.6)

0.53

7.1

(6.8, 7.5)

7.4

(6.9, 7.9)

7.0

(6.5, 7.5)

7.1

(6.5, 7.6)

0.56

11.1

(10.7, 11.4)

11.7

(11.0, 12.3)

11.2

(10.6, 11.9)

10.4

(9.8, 11.0)

0.02

5.6

(5.3, 5.9)

5.9

(5.5, 6.4)

5.6

(5.1, 6.1)

5.6

(4.8, 5.7)

0.15