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Table 2 Baseline Participant Characteristics

From: Effect of standing posture during whole body vibration training on muscle morphology and function in older adults: A randomised controlled trial

Variable

Total (n = 19)

FK (n = 6)

LK (n = 5)

CON (n = 8)

p-value*

Age (years)

64.4 ± 8.1

63.3 ± 7.6

69.0 ± 6.9

62.3 ± 8.8

0.34

 

8/11

4/2

3/2

4/4

 

Gender M/F, (%Female)

    

0.47

 

(58%)

(69%)

(60%)

(50%)

 

Height (cm)

166.7 ± 9.5

166.7 ± 9.1

164.1 ± 6.1

168.4 ± 12.0

0.76

Body Mass (kg)

79.5 ± 15.8

72.9 ± 10.4

81.1 ± 9.7

83.4 ± 121.2

0.48

Body Mass Index (kg/m 2 ) a

28.5 ± 4.3

26.2 ± 2.8

30.0 ± 2.3

29.2 ± 5.7

0.30

Co morbidities/conditions, n (%)

- Osteoarthritis

12 (63.2)

4

3

5

0.97

- Hypertension

9 (47.4)

1

3

5

0.19

- Chronic Lower Back Pain

9 (47.4)

2

2

5

0.52

- Osteoporosis

5 (26.3)

1

1

3

0.64

Total Co morbidities (#)

2.2 ± 1.2

1.3 ± 1.2

2.6 ± 1.1

2.5 ± 1.1

0.13

Total Medications/day (#)

4 ± 3.9

4.5 ± 4.1

3 ± 1.2

4.4 ± 5.3

0.81

Habitual Physical Activity Level b

146.1 ± 44.1

137.3 ± 60.0

160.0 ± 49.9

145.8 ± 30.0

0.75

Skeletal Muscle Cross Sectional Area (mm 2 ) c

- Mid-Calf

67.8 ± 15.1

59.5 ± 12.9

72.6 ± 12.1

71.4 ± 17.6

0.27

- Mid-Forearm

33.5 ± 11.0

30.5 ± 11.3

35.0 ± 11.1

35.1 ± 11.8

0.728

  1. All data presented as mean ± SD
  2. Continuous variables analysed by ANOVA for normally distributed data
  3. Categorical variables analysed by Chi square test
  4. FK: Whole Body Vibration Flexed Knees Group
  5. LK: Whole Body Vibration Locked Knees Group
  6. CON: Control Group
  7. a Body mass index: an indicator of body fat calculated by weight (kg)/height2 (m). Normal values range from 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2.
  8. Values ≥25 kg/m2 are considered overweight, and ≥30 kg/m2 are considered obese.
  9. b The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) was used to monitor habitual physical activity over the preceding seven days. A higher score reflects more physical activity [51]
  10. cmeasured by Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography ( pQCT)