Impact of valvular heart disease on activities of daily living of nonagenarians: the leiden 85-plus study a population based study

Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics

	Echocardiograpic examination
	Yes [n = 81]	No [n = 196]	p value
Females [%]	67	75	0.20*
Living independently [%]	78	55	<0.001*
ADL (IQR) [points]	10 (9-14)	16 (10-25)	<0.001‡
IADL (IQR) [points]	23 (17-29)	33 (25-36)	<0.001‡
GARS (IQR) [points]	33 (26-42)	49 (35-61)	<0.001‡
MMSE (IQR) [points]	28 (26-29)	22 (15-27)	<0.001‡
GDS-15 (>4) [%]	14.8	32	<0.001‡
History of cardiovascular disease [%]†	35	43	0.15*
History of heart failure [%]	19	17	0.82*
Diastolic blood pressure (SD) [mmHg]	73 (9)	71 (10)	0.17*
Systolic blood pressure (SD) [mmHg]	155 (16)	150 (19)	0.03*

SD, Standard Deviation. IQR, Inter Quartile Range. ADL, Activities in Daily Living. IADL, Instrumental Activities in Daily Living. GARS, Groningen Activity Restriction Scale. MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination. GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale. †, Including cerebrovascular accident, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease or an electrocardiogram revealing myocardial ischemia or infarction. *, Independent T-test. ‡, Mann Whitney test. N, number of participants.

ISSN: 1471-2318