Table 6 Robustness checks for model 3. Bootstrap analysis (n = 1.000)

Sex (Female)

0.17(0.23)

− 0.27

0.64

0.21(0.21)

− 0.20

0.66

Age

− 0.001(0.01)

− 0.03

0.03

0.001(0.01)

− 0.02

0.02

No children

0.006(0.28)

− 0.63

0.50

0.01(0.26)

− 0.53

0.51

Limitation on ADL (reference: not limited)

Limited

1.11(0.22)^***

0.68

1.57

1.14(0.22)^***

0.75

1.60

Strongly limited

1.78(0.33)^***

1.18

2.48

1.81(0.32)^***

1.21

2.48

Education (reference: incomplete primary)

Primary

− 0.25(0.25)

− 0.74

0.24

− 0.28(0.23)

− 0.75

0.18

Secondary

− 0.03(0.36)

− 0.74

0.66

− 0.14(0.33)

− 0.83

0.48

University

− 0.38(0.36)

-1.15

0.31

− 0.45(0.34)

-1.19

0.19

Economich harships

0.39(0.23)

− 0.04

0.86

0.41(0.20)^*

0.02

0.80

Living arrangement (reference: living alone)

Living with partner

− 0.11(0.24)

− 0.57

0.36

− 0.38(0.22)

− 0.83

0.03

Nursing home

0.62(0.30)

0.05

1.25

0.61(0.28)^*

0.07

1.20

Loneliness (emotional)

1.05(0.12)^***

0.86

1.34

Loneliness (social)

0.17(0.09)

− 0.02

0.37

Loneliness (risk)

1.40(0.20)^***

1.03

1.86

Constant

-2.93

(1.27)^*

-5.75

− 0.57

-2.19 (1.09)^*

-4.41

− 0.22