Table 3 Bivariate analysis between social and demographic variables and depression and loneliness
Variable | Depression (risk, cut-off point = 2) | χ2; p | Loneliness (risk, cut-off point = 3) | χ2; p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Women | 23.5% | χ2 = 10.46 p =.001 | 25.9% | χ2 = 0.018 p =.892 |
Men | 33.8% | 26.3% | ||
Children | ||||
Have children | 29.2% | χ2 = 0.73 p =.392 | 23.1% | χ2 = 17.77 p <.001 |
Do not have children | 32.6% | 39.3% | ||
Limitation on ADL | ||||
Not limited | 16.0% | χ2 = 106.34 p <.001 | 17.6% | χ2 = 42.24 p <.001 |
Limited | 41.8% | 33.6% | ||
Strongly limited | 59.8% | 44.2% | ||
Education | ||||
Incomplete primary education | 45.5% | χ2 = 40.25 p <.001 | 38.4% | χ2 = 26.91 p <.001 |
Complete primary education | 28.9% | 26.2% | ||
Secondary | 22.7% | 20.0% | ||
University | 16.4% | 15.2% | ||
Economic harship | ||||
Yes | 41.2% | χ2 = 23.62 p <.001 | 39.9% | χ2 = 34.85 p <.001 |
No | 23.9% | 19.6% | ||
Living arrangement | ||||
Living alone | 29.5% | χ2 = 77.34 p <.001 | 29.1% | χ2 = 51.95 p <.001 |
Living with partner only | 18.1% | 15.4% | ||
Nursing home | 54.3% | 44.5% |