Table 2 General characteristics of participants at the baseline

Sex (n)

 Male

7

8

1.000

 Female

15

14

Age (year)

82.40 ± 4.46

81.04 ± 4.93

0.342

Height (cm)

154.94 ± 8.13

155.30 ± 7.34

0.877

Weight (kg)

56.82 ± 11.96

56.87 ± 12.09

0.990

BMI (kg/m²)

23.64 ± 4.20

23.42 ± 3.85

0.860

MMSE (score)

16.04 ± 2.23

16.09 ± 1.97

0.943

POMS (score)

72.18 ± 3.96

72.41 ± 3.72

0.845

GDS (score)

20.23 ± 1.23

20.86 ± 1.55

0.139

Senior fitness test

 Back scratch (cm)

-10.41 ± 11.51

-5.23 ± 9.03

0.104

 Chair sit & reach (cm)

-8.86 ± 9.76

-5.23 ± 10.85

0.249

 244 cm up & go (sec)

15.85 ± 4.83

18.49 ± 5.37

0.093

 2-min step walk (number)

26.91 ± 5.33

27.18 ± 4.60

0.857

 30-sec chair stand (number)

7.41 ± 1.92

7.77 ± 2.16

0.558

 Grip strength – Lt. (kg)

15.70 ± 7.34

17.42 ± 7.97

0.460

 Grip strength – Rt. (kg)

16.97 ± 6.86

18.45 ± 8.58

0.530

 One leg standing (sec)

3.10 ± 0.83

2.70 ± 0.58

0.074

 ADL (score)

13.41 ± 1.18

13.82 ± 1.33

0.287