Table 3 Metabolic changes concerning baseline iron status after 12 weeks of NW + TRE intervention

Indicators of iron metabolism

Iron (µg/dl)

98.83 ± 25.48

95.21 ± 26.75

–3.63 (–17.2; 9.95)

0.75

3.15 (–12.85; 19.16)

–11.64 (–36.82; 13.55)

0.27

Ferritin (ng/ml)

113.3 ± 90.67

96.42 ± 78.64*

–16.88 (–28.85; − 4.91)

0.01

–6.05 (–13.98; 1.89)

–29.68 (–53.98; − 5.38)

0.04

Tf (g/l)

2.76 ± 0.28

2.73 ± 0.28

–0.02 (–0.1; 0.05)

0.52

–0.03 (–0.14; 0.07)

–0.01 (–0.13; 0.11)

0.75

Body iron (mg/kg)

38.99 ± 2.69

38.07 ± 2.77

–0.93 (–1.41; − 0.44)

< 0.01

–0.73 (–1.49; 0.02)

–1.15 (–1.86; − 0.45)

0.39

sTfR (mg/l)

1.2 ± 0.29

1.32 ± 0.37

0.12 (0.03; 0.22)

0.01

0.1 (–0.02; 0.22)

0.15 (–0.02; 0.33)

0.59

Haematological indicators

Hb (g/dl)

13.98 ± 1.06

13.62 ± 0.97*

–0.36 (–0.52; − 0.2)

< 0.01

–0.33 (–0.59; − 0.07)

–0.4 (–0.61; − 0.19)

0.66

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

42.08 ± 5.46

39.17 ± 5.01*

–2.92 (–3.79; -2.05)

< 0.01

–2.31 (–3.31; − 1.31)

–3.64 (–5.21; − 2.07)

0.12

HbA1c (%)

5.98 ± 0.5

5.73 ± 0.47*

–0.25 (–0.26; − 0.14)

< 0.01

–0.22 (–0.3; − 0.13)

–0.3 (–0.45; − 0.15)

0.27

RBC (T/l)

4.58 ± 0.35

4.49 ± 0.35*

–0.09 (–0.19; − 0.1)

< 0.01

–0.09 (–0.18; − 0.01)

–0.09 (–0.17; 0)

0.88

Ht (%)

42.05 ± 2.6

41.1 ± 2.66

–0.96 (–1.95; − 1.08)

0.01

–1.12 (–2.05; − 0.2)

–0.76 (–1.61; 0.08)

0.54

MCV (fl.)

92.03 ± 3.19

91.72 ± 3.34

–0.32 (–2.45; − 1.36)

0.38

–0.61 (–1.75; 0.54)

0.03 (–1.03; 1.09)

0.39

MCH (pg)

30.56 ± 1.27

30.38 ± 1.31

–0.18 (–0.74; − 0.41)

0.12

–0.09 (–0.45; 0.27)

–0.27 (–0.57; 0.03)

0.42

MCHC (g/dl)

33.23 ± 0.97

33.13 ± 0.64

–0.1 (–1.07; − 0.59)

0.54

0.1 (–0.42; 0.62)

–0.33 (–0.72; 0.06)

0.18

WBC (G/l)

5.53 ± 1.23

5.77 ± 1.2

0.24 (0.45;0.82)

0.06

0.37 (0.11;0.64)

0.09 (–0.39;0.57)

0.25

Biochemical indicators

SII (cells/l)

414.42 ± 211.46

370.43 ± 191.39

–43.99 (–107.6; 19.61)

0.41

–55.68 (–148.86; 37.5)

–30.18 (–132.65; 72.28)

0.69

AspAT (U/l)

23.58 ± 5.56

24.5 ± 5.44

0.92 (–0.8; 2.63)

0.28

2.62 (0.17; 5.06)

–1.09 (–3.22; 1.04)

0.02

ALT (U/l)

24.17 ± 10.66

24.29 ± 10.07

0.12 (–2.06; 2.31)

0.91

2.77 (–0.11; 5.65)

–3 (–5.57; − 0.43)

< 0.01

Glucose (mg/dl)

101.83 ± 24.06

98.42 ± 21.84

–3.42 (–6.82; − 0.01)

0.05

–3.77 (–8.2; 0.66)

–3 (–9.19; 3.19)

0.82

TC (mg/dl)

197.17 ± 45.32

196.17 ± 44.77

–1 (–10.87; 8.87)

0.84

0.38 (–15.26; 16.03)

–2.64 (–16.84; 11.56)

0.76

TG (mg/dl)

111.42 ± 44.4

107.58 ± 58.91

–3.83 (–20.81; 13.15)

0.64

–1.77 (–27.75; 24.21)

–6.27 (–32.2; 19.65)

0.79

HDL-C (mg/dl)

62.42 ± 15.44

61.42 ± 13.15

–1 (–4.52; 2.52)

0.56

–2.77 (–7.9; 2.36)

1.09 (–4.3; 6.48)

0.27

LDL-C (mg/dl)

112.5 ± 40.99

113.21 ± 39.2

0.71 (–7.58; 9)

0.86

3.46 (–9.13; 16.06)

–2.55 (–15.01; 9.92)

0.47