Table 2 Changes in the anthropometric parameters and functional fitness after 12 weeks of NW + TRE intervention

Anthropometric parameters

BW (kg)

71 ± 13.1

69.83 ± 12.78

–1.82 (–2.39; − 1.25)

< 0.01

–1.72 (–2.28; − 1.16)

–1.94 (–3.08; − 0.79)

0.70

BMI (kg·m^–2)

26.3 ± 3.87

25.62 ± 4.05

–0.78 (–1.33; − 0.24)

< 0.01

–0.97 (–2.02; 0.07)

–0.57 (–1.02; − 0.13)

0.46

Fat (kg)

24.45 ± 8.39

22.25 ± 8.3

–2.5 (–3.71; − 1.28)

< 0.01

–1.3 (–1.61; − 0.99)

–3.8 (–6.26; − 1.34)

0.03

Fat %

33.1 ± 8.35

31.39 ± 8.74

–1.8 (–2.5;

–1.1)

< 0.01

–1.13 (–1.63; − 0.62)

–2.53 (–3.86; − 1.19)

0.03

FFM (kg)

47.05 ± 8.57

47.58 ± 9.27

0.16 (–0.41; 0.72)

0.57

–0.42 (–0.92; 0.09)

0.78 (–0.22; 1.78)

0.02

TBW (kg)

34.62 ± 6.34

34.99 ± 6.84

0.1 (–0.31; 0.5)

0.63

–0.32 (–0.68; 0.05)

0.55 (–0.18; 1.27)

0.02

SMM (kg)

25.68 ± 5.29

26.02 ± 5.59

0.18 (–0.16; 0.52)

0.28

–0.17 (–0.48; 0.13)

0.54 (–0.05; 1.12)

0.03

VFA (cm²)

137.11 ± 31.52

134.24 ± 32.21

–2.93 (–5.45; − 0.41)

0.02

–2.07 (–3.79; − 0.34)

–3.87 (–9.28; 1.53)

0.47

Functional fitness

Arm curl (n) left

23.33 ± 6.21

28.3 ± 5.81

5.95 (3.87; 8.03)

< 0.01

5 (2.33; 7.67)

7.11 (3.32; 10.91)

0.30

Arm curl (n) right

23.08 ± 6.11

28.6 ± 6.37

6.8 (4.67; 8.93)

< 0.01

6 (3.17; 8.83)

7.78 (3.92; 11.64)

0.40

Back scratch (cm) left

–9.71 ± 9.44

–7.25 ± 8.39

4.15 (2.38; 5.92)

< 0.01

3.36 (1.23; 5.49)

5.11 (1.71; 8.52)

0.32

Back scratch (cm) right

–8.17 ± 9.16

–4.2 ± 7.43

4.6 (3.08; 6.12)

< 0.01

3.73 (1.42; 6.04)

5.67 (3.49; 7.84)

0.19

Chair sit–and–reach (cm) left

4.38 ± 8.3

5.95 ± 6.28

2.9 (0.61; 5.19)

0.02

2.73 (–0.76; 6.22)

3.11 (–0.56; 6.79)

0.87

Chair sit–and–reach (cm) right

4.54 ± 8.74

4.95 ± 6.45

1.95 (–0.83; 4.73)

0.70

1.09 (–2.71; 4.9)

3 (–1.94; 7.94)

0.49

8 Foot up–and–go (s)

5.47 ± 0.63

4.92 ± 0.75

–0.58 (–0.95; − 0.21)

< 0.01

–0.59 (–1.1; − 0.09)

–0.57 (–1.23; 0.1)

0.94

Chair stand (n)

17.95 ± 3.01

22.45 ± 3.07

4.78 (2.81; 6.75)

< 0.01

5.22 (2.71; 7.74)

4.33 (0.71; 7.96)

0.65

\( \dot{V}\)O_2max(ml/kg/min)

31.68 ± 4.31

34.98 ± 4.18

3.31 (2.51; 4.1)

< 0.01

2.63 (1.51; 3.75)

4.13 (3.07; 5.2)

0.04

HG right (kg)

32.32 ± 7.98

29.26 ± 5.99

–2.44 (–3.99; − 0.89)

< 0.01

–2.34 (–3.37; − 1.3)

–2.56 (–6; 0.89)

0.89

HG left (kg)

29.77 ± 8.54

27.42 ± 6.53

–1.47 (–2.8; − 0.14)

0.03

–1.16 (–2.79; 0.47)

–1.81 (–4.31; 0.68)

0.62