Table 3 Socio-economic predictors of pain occurrence at different anatomical sites

Age

45–59®

60–74

1.45***(1.35–1.56)

1.26***(1.17–1.37)

1.42***(1.33–1.51)

1.35***(1.20–1.53)

75 and above

1.65***(1.45–1.89)

1.41***(1.19–1.67)

1.67***(1.49–1.89)

1.32***(1.16–1.50)

Sex

Male®

Female

1.54***(1.41–1.68)

1.56***(1.40–1.74)

1.38***(1.27–1.50)

1.35***(1.17–1.57)

Residence

Rural®

Urban

0.95(0.85–1.06)

0.99(0.87–1.12)

0.97(0.85–1.10)

1.09(0.95–1.25)

Years of Education

No schooling®

< 5 years

0.94(0.86–1.02)

0.94(0.83–1.06)

0.89**(0.81–0.98)

0.88*(0.78–1.00)

5–9 years

0.75***(0.67–0.84)

0.76**(0.65–0.89)

0.71***(0.64–0.80)

0.79**(0.67–0.95)

≥ 10 years

0.62***(0.55–0.71)

0.68***(0.58–0.79)

0.61***(0.51–0.71)

0.65**(0.48–0.89)

Currently Married

No®

Yes

1.08*(1.00–1.16)

1.13**(1.03–1.24)

1.04(0.97–1.12)

0.96(0.85–1.09)

Caste

Scheduled caste®

Scheduled tribe

1.18*(1.00–1.39)

1.22**(1.05–1.41)

1.15*(0.97–1.35)

1.08(0.86–1.36)

Other Backward Class

1.09*(0.99–1.21)

1.03(0.93–1.14)

1.09*(0.99–1.21)

0.95(0.82–1.10)

Others

1.05(0.92–1.18)

1(0.87–1.15)

0.96(0.85–1.08)

1.05(0.89–1.23)

Religion

Hindu®

Muslim

0.92(0.81–1.04)

1.07 (0.92–1.24)

0.88**(0.79–0.98)

0.81**(0.68–0.96)

Christian

0.99(0.68–1.44)

1.10 (0.84–1.43)

0.99(0.72–1.35)

0.54**(0.37–0.77)

Others

1.08(0.90–1.29)

1.04 (0.90–1.21)

0.98(0.81–1.20)

0.97(0.79–1.19)

MPCE quintile

Poorest®

Poorer

1.12**(1.00–1.26)

1.08(0.97–1.20)

1.14**(1.02–1.28)

1.19**(1.03–1.37)

Middle

1.07(0.94–1.22)

1(0.89–1.12)

1.05(0.92–1.19)

1.28**(1.07–1.53)

Richer

1.1(0.96–1.25)

1.09(0.94–1.27)

1.05(0.93–1.18)

1.37**(1.18–1.59)

Richest

1.33**(1.11–1.58)

1.42**(1.16–1.73)

1.35**(1.10–1.64)

1.37**(1.19–1.58)

Currently Working

No®

Yes

0.86***(0.79–0.93)

0.98(0.91–1.06)

0.79***(0.74–0.85)

0.77***(0.71–0.85)

BMI

Underweight (≤ 18.5) ®

Normal (18.5–25.0)

1.24***(1.14–1.35)

1.07(0.98–1.17)

1.26***(1.16–1.36)

1.13**(1.03–1.24)

Overweight (25.0–30.0)

1.77***(1.56–2.01)

1.12*(0.98–1.27)

1.82***(1.61–2.04)

1.65***(1.40–1.93)

Obese (> 30)

2.37***(1.97–2.86)

1.45**(1.10–1.90)

2.35***(1.95–2.82)

2.22***(1.83–2.70)

Smoking history

No®

Yes

1.21***(1.12–1.31)

1.17**(1.06–1.28)

1.13**(1.04–1.22)

1.1**(1.00–1.21)

Alcohol History

No®

Yes

1.07***(0.98–1.17)

1.02(0.92–1.14)

1.07(0.98–1.17)

0.96(0.84–1.09)

Physically Active

No®

Yes

0.95 (0.88–1.03)

0.94* (0.87–1.01)

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

0.91 (0.81–1.03)