| Urban | Rural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | |
Inadequate access to healthcare | 1.37* | 1.33* | 1.18 | 1.15 | 1.29*** | 1.28*** | 1.24** | 1.17* |
Sociodemographics | ||||||||
 Age | 1.09*** | 1.09*** | 1.08*** | 1.07*** | 1.10*** | 1.10**** | 1.09*** | 1.08*** |
 Men (women) | 1.53*** | 1.56*** | 1.28** | 1.39*** | 1.57*** | 1.57*** | 1.40*** | 1.45*** |
 Currently married (no) | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 |
 Coresidence with children (no) | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.03 |
 1–6 years of schooling (0) | 0.82* | 0.81* | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.05 |
 7+ years of schooling (0) | 0.73* | 0.71** | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.97 |
 White-collar job (no) | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.18+ | 1.17+ | 1.15 | 1.12 |
 Economic independence (no) | 0.78** | 0.76** | 0.81* | 0.82* | 0.75*** | 0.75*** | 0.80** | 0.84** |
National health insurance enrollment | ||||||||
 Enrolled in rural NCMS (no) |  | 0.70*** | 0.74** | 0.73** |  | 0.84* | 0.86* | 0.86* |
 Enrolled in urban MS (no) |  | 0.96 | 1.09 | 1.07 |  | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.03 |
Health behaviors | ||||||||
 Quit smoking (never) |  |  | 1.37** | 1.26* |  |  | 1.40*** | 1.36*** |
 Currently smoking (never) |  |  | 1.36*** | 1.38*** |  |  | 1.07 | 1.10 |
 Leisure activity scores 1–9 (0) |  |  | 0.52*** | 0.64*** |  |  | 0.52*** | 0.66*** |
Leisure activity scores 10–14 (0) |  |  | 0.35*** | 0.48*** |  |  | 0.40*** | 0.53*** |
 Leisure activity scores 15+ (0) |  |  | 0.27*** | 0.38*** |  |  | 0.39*** | 0.54*** |
Baseline health | ||||||||
 IADL disabled (no) |  |  |  | 1.40*** |  |  |  | 1.43*** |
 ADL disabled (no) |  |  |  | 1.46*** |  |  |  | 1.58*** |
 Cognitively impaired (no) |  |  |  | 1.18* |  |  |  | 1.15* |
N (individuals) | 7588 | 7588 | 7588 | 7588 | 12,926 | 12,926 | 12,926 | 12,926 |
Wald Chi square | 631.3*** | 664.0*** | 866.7*** | 908.2*** | 1284.7*** | 1303.6*** | 1521.9*** | 1573.8*** |