Urban-rural differences in the association between access to healthcare and health outcomes among older adults in China

Table 2 Odds ratios of IADL disability for inadequate access to healthcare by urban-rural residence among adults aged 65 and older in China, CLHLS 2005–2014

	Urban			Rural
	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model I	Model II	Model III
Inadequate access to healthcare (no)	1.78***	1.80***	1.54*	2.31***	2.25***	1.99***
Sociodemographics
Age	1.12***	1.12***	1.11***	1.12***	1.12***	1.11***
Men (women)	0.71**	0.73*	0.65*	0.57***	0.57***	0.51***
Currently married (no)	0.67***	0.68***	0.73**	0.85**	0.86*	0.94
Coresidence with children (no)	0.91	0.91	0.89	1.00	0.99	1.03
1–6 years of schooling (0)	0.86	0.84	0.91	0.85⁺	0.85*	0.93
7+ years of schooling (0)	0.78	0.72⁺	0.87	0.75*	0.72*	0.84
White-collar job (no)	1.02	0.98	1.05	1.51***	1.43**	1.36*
Economic independence (no)	0.71**	0.63***	0.72*	0.48***	0.47***	0.52***
National health insurance enrollment
Enrolled in rural NCMS (no)		0.71*	0.80		0.79*	0.90
Enrolled in urban MS (no)		1.04	1.24		1.09	1.15
Health behaviors
Quit smoking (never)			1.35*			1.38***
Currently smoking (never)			0.80			0.81*
Leisure activity scores 1–9 (0)			0.31***			0.22***
Leisure activity scores 10–14 (0)			0.12***			0.11***
Leisure activity scores 15⁺ (0)			0.07***			0.09***
N (observations)	21,038	21,038	21,038	27,154	27,154	27,154
Wald Chi square	852.5***	949.6***	1074.3***	1313.7***	1459.5***	1683.9***

IADL instrumental activities of daily living, NCMS new cooperative medical scheme, MS medical scheme
Estimated odds ratios were weighted and adjusted for intrapersonal correlation. The total analytic sample was 26,604 individuals (n = 48,476 observations). All models also controlled for survey year and proxy responses to the question of adequate access to healthcare
⁺ p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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