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Table 3 Results of spatio-temporal gait analysis

From: A cognitive-motor intervention using a dance video game to enhance foot placement accuracy and gait under dual task conditions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Condition/Parameters

Dance Group (n = 11)

P within

Control Group (n = 10)

P within

P between

r

 

pre

post

 

pre

post

   

normal

Velocity [cm/s]

80.4 (72.9; 89.1)

88.3 (69.2; 106.2)

0.248

69.0 (61.1; 82.7)

82.2 (73.8; 101.8)

0.059°

0.481

0.15

Cadence [steps/min]

95.5 (93.3; 102.5)

97.5 (96.0; 111.8)

0.016*

93.9 (80.2; 99.9)

104.2 (89.9; 112.3)

0.022*

0.260

0.25

Step time [s]

0.63 (0.59; 0.64)

0.62 (0.54; 0.63)

0.016*

0.64 (0.60; 0.75)

0.58 (0.54; 0.67)

0.022*

0.205

0.28

Cycle time [s]

1.26 (1.17; 1.29)

1.23 (1.07; 1.24)

0.016*

1.28 (1.20; 1.49)

1.15 (1.07; 1.34)

0.022*

0.217

0.27

Stance time [s]

0.82 (0.80; 0.86)

0.78 (0.72; 0.84)

0.021*

0.86 (0.78; 1.03)

0.75 (0.70; 0.92)

0.037*

0.191

0.29

Single support time [s]

0.42 (0.39; 0.44)

0.41 (0.36; 0.43)

0.041*

0.43 (0.41; 0.47)

0.39 (0.36; 0.43)

0.013*

0.095°

0.36+

Double support time [s]

0.41 (0.38; 0.43)

0.37 (0.31; 0.43)

0.062°

0.44 (0.37; 0.56)

0.36 (0.32; 0.49)

0.047*

0.259

0.25

Step length [cm]

50.7 (45.7; 53.0)

52.7 (42.6; 56.3)

0.477

46.6 (43.7; 52.2)

48.8 (46.0; 54.9)

0.203

0.725

0.08

fast

Velocity [cm/s]

124.7 (89.9; 147.4)

132.7 (93.2; 149.8)

0.091°

112.1 (99.0; 124.0)

114.7 (99.6; 136.8)

0.285

0.778

0.06

Cadence [steps/min]

122.6 (113.8; 128.7)

127.1 (118.2; 134.5)

0.033*

118.2 (106.0; 129.1)

126.0 (105.7; 135.7)

0.203

0.888

0.03

Step time [s]

0.49 (0.47; 0.53)

0.47 (0.45; 0.51)

0.050*

0.51 (0.46; 0.57)

0.48 (0.44; 0.57)

0.139

0.972

0.01

Cycle time [s]

0.98 (0.93; 1.05)

0.94 (0.89; 1.02)

0.062

1.02 (0.93; 1.13)

0.96 (0.88; 1.13)

0.139

0.972

0.01

Stance time [s]

0.62 (0.58; 071)

0.60 (0.57; 0.66)

0.041*

0.65 (0.61; 0.72)

0.60 (0.55; 0.74)

0.169

0.944

0.02

Single support time [s]

0.37 (0.34; 0.38)

0.35 (0.32; 0.39)

0.110

0.38 (0.33; 0.39)

0.36 (0.33; 0.38)

0.169

0.669

0.09

Double support time [s]

0.25 (0.23, 0.33)

0.26 (0.22; 0.31)

0.131

0.30 (0.25; 0.32)

0.24 (0.22; 0.34)

0.203

0.804

0.05

Step length [cm]

58.4 (53.1; 66.7)

59.2 (50.5; 69.8)

0.594

56.0 (52.1; 61.0)

55.3 (50.4; 62.6)

0.575

0.549

0.13

normalcog

Velocity [cm/s]

65.4 (57.3; 87.4)

82.8 (60.0; 97.9)

0.050*

60.0 (51.7; 71.8)

63.2 (55.8; 84.4)

0.028*

0.673

0.09

Cadence [steps/min]

87.0 (82.4, 93.8)

101.0 (97.2; 103.3)

0.026*

82.7 (73.9; 100.9)

96.8 (74.5; 103.6)

0.139

0.481

0.15

Step time [s]

0.69 (0.64; 0.73)

0.60 (0.58; 0.62)

0.013*

0.73 (0.60; 0.84)

0.62 (0.58; 0.81)

0.074°

0.888

0.03

Cycle time [s]

1.39 (1.28; 1.45)

1.19 (1.17; 1.24)

0.013*

1.46 (1.19; 1.64)

1.24 (1.16; 1.61)

0.093°

0.573

0.12

Stance time [s]

0.94 (0.85; 0.99)

0.79 (0.75; 0.83)

0.010*

1.00 (0.78; 1.15)

0.81 (0.79; 1.08)

0.059°

0.672

0.09

Single support time [s]

0.45 (0.43; 0.47)

0.41 (0.39; 0.44)

0.013*

0.46 (0.40; 0.48)

0.43 (0.38; 0.50)

0.445

0.228

0.26

Double support time [s]

0.48 (0.41; 0.55)

0.39 (0.35; 0.41)

0.016*

0.55 (0.39; 0.67)

0.43 (0.39; 0.59)

0.059°

0.888

0.03

Step length [cm]

46.73 (40.3; 51.1)

50.5 (44.3; 56.6)

0.131

43.4 (37.5; 52.4)

46.3 (38.1; 54.6)

0.059°

0.751

0.07

fastcog

Velocity [cm/s]

87.9 (68.6; 103.2)

107.5 (74.1; 115.6)

0.013*

80.1 (61.0; 100.0)

87.1 (59.0; 103.2)

0.386

0.041*

0.45+

Cadence [steps/min]

99.1 (94.8; 105.5)

109.7 (101.7; 117.4)

0.006*

91.8 (88.0; 108.8)

104.1 (76.7; 114.1)

0.445

0.057°

0.42+

Step time [s]

0.61 (0.57; 0.63)

0.55 (0.51, 0.59)

0.006*

0.65 (0.55; 0.68)

0.58 (0.53; 0.78)

0.799

0.062°

0.41+

Cycle time [s]

1.21 (1.14; 1.26)

1.09 (1.02; 1.19)

0.006*

1.31 (1.10; 1.37)

1.15 (1.05; 1.57)

0.799

0.091°

0.37+

Stance time [s]

0.78 (0.71, 0.84)

0.71 (0.64; 0.78)

0.008*

0.86 (0.72; 0.93)

0.76 (0.70; 1.03)

0.721

0.121

0.34+

Single support time [s]

0.43 (0.39; 0.43)

0.38 (0.37; 0.41)

0.006*

0.42 (0.38, 0.46)

0.39 (0.37; 0.50)

0.799

0.029*

0.48+

Double support time [s]

0.38 (0.32; 0.40)

0.32 (0.28; 0.37)

0.013*

0.39 (0.35; 0.51)

0.38 (0.31; 0.51)

0.646

0.260

0.25

Step length [cm]

53.0 (44.2; 58.8)

55.2 (44.8; 62.6)

0.110

50.7 (41.2; 57.8)

51.2 (38.6; 60.0)

0.333

0.324

0.22

  1. Notes: Values are displayed as group medians with interquartile ranges (q1; q3) due to non-normal distribution of data; * = significant within-group differences pre-post (P within  ≤ 0.05) calculated with Wilcoxon signed rank test; ° = trend to significance (P within  ≤ 0.10); * = significant between-group differences after intervention phase (P between ≤ 0.05) calculated with Mann–Whitney-U-test; ° = trend to significance (P between ≤ .10).
  2. Abbreviations: P within : P-value for within-group comparison; P between: P-value for between-groups comparison; r: effect size (r = 0.1: small effect, + r = 0.3: medium effect); normal: self-selected walking speed; fast: fast walking; normalcog: self-selected walking speed with additional cognitive task; fastcog: fast walking speed with additional cognitive task.