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Table 1 Characteristics of Cases with Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Control Subjects

From: Pharmacotherapy and the risk for community-acquired pneumonia

Variables*

N (%)

Cases

N = 194

Control

N = 952

P value§

Mean age (yr) (SD)

80.3 (8.5)

79.8 (8.1)

.486

Female

119 (61)

641 (67)

.108

White

194 (100)

941 (98.8)

.133

Ex-smoker†

60/191 (31)

151/949 (16)

< .001

Current smoker†

28/191 (15)

73/949 (8)

.002

Past Medical History

   

   Congestive heart failure

63 (32)

201 (21)

< .001

   Coronary artery disease

77 (40)

299 (31)

.025

   COPD

91 (47)

178 (19)

< .001

   Prior pneumonia

38 (20)

43 (5)

< .001

   Diabetes mellitus

52 (27)

277 (29)

.520

   Atrial fibrillation

35 (18)

136 (14)

.181

   Stroke

34 (18)

148 (16)

.492

   Cognitive impairment

40 (21)

152 (16)

.114

   Depression

58 (30)

243 (26)

.207

   Psychiatric illness

7 (4)

24 (3)

.395

   GERD

56 (29)

233 (24)

.199

Medication

   

   Atypical antipsychotics

25 (13)

63 (7)

.003

   Proton pump inhibitor

86 (44)

343 (36)

.030

   H2 receptor antagonist

7 (4)

46 (5)

.460

   Antihistamine

29 (15)

129 (14)

.607

β2 agonist

bronchodilator

72 (37)

109 (11)

< .001

   Inhaled corticosteroid

49 (25)

47 (5)

< .001

Anticholinergic

bronchodilator

44 (23)

63 (7)

< .001

Antibiotic use prior to

admission

44 (23)

88 (9)

< .001

   NSAIDs

27 (14)

115 (12)

.479

   Narcotics

60 (31)

224 (24)

.030

   Iron supplement

37 (19)

82 (9)

< .001

Admission laboratory results

   

   Serum albumin (gm/dL)

2.9 (0.5)

(N = 167)

3.2 (0.5)

(N = 807)

< .001

   White cell count (K/μL)

13.6 (6.0)

(N = 194)

9.3 (4.0)

(N = 949)

< .001

Serum potassium

(mmol/L)

4.1 (0.6)

(N = 194)

4.1 (0.7)

(N = 948)

.631

Discharge diagnoses

   

   Congestive heart failure

46 (24)

107 (11)

< .001

   Any GI-related illness

18 (9)

269 (28)

< .001

   Upper GI illness‡

8 (4)

100 (11)

.006

   Lower GI illness¶

10 (5)

140 (15)

< .001

C. difficile associated

Diarrhea

7 (4)

27 (3)

.564

  1. * Data were presented by number (percent) or mean (SD).
  2. † Smoking status was unknown in 3 patients of cases and in 3 patients of controls.
  3. ‡ Including esophageal, stomach, duodenum, and small intestine diagnoses.
  4. ¶ Including large colon and rectal diagnoses, but not C. difficile associated diarrhea.
  5. § Obtained using chi-square or two-sample-t test.
  6. Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; C. difficile = Clostridium difficile; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GERD = gastro-esophageal reflux disease; GI = gastro-intestinal; NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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